- •Describe the nature and main instruments of trade policy.
- •2. Describe main institutes of international trade system. How do these institutes correspond with each other?
- •What is the role of different institutes in the development of international trading system?
- •Discuss societal concerns with respect to agricultural production. How could trade policy deal with these concerns?
- •5. Discuss societal concerns of the development of Chinese (or any other country of your choice) economy. How does chosen countries’ trade policy respond to these concerns?
- •International:
- •6. What are the accession rules in the wto. Analyse main difficulties of the accession process.
- •7. What is the dispute settlement mechanism in the wto. Discuss pluses and minuses of such mechanism.
- •Wto as an international economic organisation: the institution, structure, objectives, main functions, key principles in decision-making process.
- •Compare the wto and the gatt.
- •10. Define key principles of trade in goods.
- •11. Define key exemptions from non-discrimination principles with regard to trade in goods.
- •12. Rules of origin in the wto
- •13. Standards and technical barriers to trade: nature, key definitions. Wto agreement on standards and technical barriers: main features.
- •14. Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures: purpose, examples. Wto agreement on Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures: main features.
- •15. Trade remedies: Safeguards
- •16. Trade remedies: Anti-dumping
- •17. Trade remedies: Subsidy/Countervail
- •18. Key issues of international trade in services. Leading exporters and importers of services. Importance of services for national economies.
- •Importance of services for national economies.
- •19. General Agreement on Trade in Services: key features.
- •Ipr protection – two polar views:
- •IpRs in open economies
- •21. Discuss pluses and minuses of stronger ipRs protection. Pharmaceutical debate
- •Ipr protection – two polar views:
- •IpRs in open economies
- •22. Discuss the role of wipo in setting international standards of ipRs protection.
- •23.Wto agreementon intellectual property rights protection.
- •Industrial designs
- •Integrated circuits layout designs
- •24.Trade in Agriculture: approach to the regulation. Importance of agriculture for the economic development. Key exporters and importers of agriculture products.
- •Importance of agriculture for the economic development:
- •25 Agriculture: market access
- •26Domestic support
- •27 Export subsidies
- •28. Discuss the nature of International investment agreements (iiAs) and the main types of iiAs
- •1. Bilateral investment treaties
- •2. Preferential Trade and Investment Agreements
- •3. International Taxation Agreements
- •29. Describe the evolution of and recent trends in International investment agreements.
- •30. Discuss the nature of international investment disputes.
- •31.Assess the role of governments in relation to environment and development.
- •32. Explain the relationship between economy and environment.
- •What is the current stage of dda nama negotiations? Analyse key issues and main problems of negotiations.
12. Rules of origin in the wto
Rules of origin - Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin.
Rules of origin are the criteria needed to determine the national source of a product. Their importance is derived from the fact that duties and restrictions in several cases depend upon the source of imports.
Rules of origin are important in implementing such trade policy instruments as anti-dumping and countervailing duties, origin marking, and safeguard measures.
Once the origin of a good is known, the importing country can apply any region-specific trade preferences or restrictions to the imported goods.
Information about product origin also made it easier for countries to compile economic statistics, and provide consumers with important product information.
The original GATT (1947) contained no provisions on rules of origin.
In 1974, the Kyoto Convention on the Harmonization and Simplification of Customs Procedures was signed by members of the Customs Cooperation Council.
This convention stipulated that the origin of a product should be its last place of substantial transformation.
It also permitted alternative indicators of a substantial transformation of a product such as a change in the tariff classification as a result of further processing of the product that added value to it.
The Kyoto Convention was not an enforceable agreement and did not provide for dispute settlement.
The WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin
Since its adoption in 1994, the main objective of the Agreement on Rules of Origin has been to harmonize non-preferential rules of origin and to ensure that such rules do not themselves create unnecessary obstacles to trade.
The Agreement established interim disciplines for the use of non-preferential rules of origin, pending agreement on harmonized procedures to be developed through a work programme at the WTO.
The WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin recognizes three methodologies for administering rules of origin:
Change of tariff classification
Ad valorem percentage criterion
Manufacturing or processing operation
The WTO requires that each system be administered with clarity and precision.
WTO Members must ensure that:
their rules of origin are transparent;
rules of origin are not used as instruments to pursue trade objectives directly or indirectly;
they do not have restrictive, distorting or disruptive effects on international trade;
they are administered in a consistent, uniform, impartial and reasonable manner;
regulations and procedures regarding rules of origin are published and available to the public;
rules of origin are based on a positive standard (in other words, they should state what confers origin, rather than what does not.)
assessments of rule of origin should take no more than 150 days; and
changes in rules of origin should not be applied retroactively.