- •Дополнительные задания для подготовки к экзамену (практическая часть, 2 семестр)
- •Development of Demonstrative Pronouns
- •Grammatical categories of the Demonstrative Pronoun
- •Formation of the Definite article
- •Formation of the Indefinite article
- •The reasons for the development of the articles
- •1. The morphological reason.
- •2. The syntactical reason.
- •Morphological Classification of Verbs in me and ne
- •Changes in the classes of strong verbs in me
- •The development of weak verbs
- •The Origin of Modern Irregular Verbs
- •1. Oe maZan (Pret.-Pres.) “may, be able”
- •2. Oe cunnan (Pret.-Pres.) “know, be able, can”
- •3. Oe sculan (Pret.-Pres.) meaning of obligation: “shall, shoud, owe”
- •4. Oe willan (Irregular) “intend, wish, will, be about to”
- •5. Oe mōt (Pret.-Pres.) “be allowed, may”
- •6. Oe āZan (Pret.-Pres.) “own, possess”
- •7. Oe Zān (Suppletive) “go”
- •8. Oe bēon (Suppletive) “be”
- •New grammatical categories of the verb in me and ne The category of Voice
- •The category of Time-correlation
- •The category of Aspect
The Origin of Modern Irregular Verbs
1) ME strong verbs (67 items) lost their pattern of conjugation and became irregular.
2) Some weak verbs (of the 1st and the 2nd classes) became irregular due to the phonetic changes.
-
OE
I
cēpan
II
cēpte
III
cēpt
ME
kepen [e:]
kepte [e] (shortening in closed syllable)
kept [e]
NE
Keep [i:] (GVS)
kept
kept
3) Some verbs, borrowed in ME, joined the class of strong verbs and then became irregular (give, take, get, catch).
Minor Groups of Verbs in ME and NE (Расторгуева с. 256 – 259)
… underwent phonetic and analogical changes (which affected their forms) and semantic changes (which affected their functions and meaning).
1. Oe maZan (Pret.-Pres.) “may, be able”
-
OE
ME
NE
Present
Sg mæZ
Pl maZon
may
mawen
may
---
Past
meahte, mihte
might
might
The Pres. form may became the only one in NE. The verb narrowed its meaning: the meaning of physical and mental ability passed to can.
2. Oe cunnan (Pret.-Pres.) “know, be able, can”
-
OE
ME
NE
Present
Sg cann
Pl cunnon
can
cunnen
can
---
Past
cūðe
couthe, coud
could
The insertion of “l” in spelling of the form could was by analogy with should and would. In ME can was sometimes used in its original meaning “to know”, but more often it indicated physical and mental ability and replaced may in these meanings.
3. Oe sculan (Pret.-Pres.) meaning of obligation: “shall, shoud, owe”
-
OE
ME
NE
Present
Sg sceal
Pl sculon
shal
shullen
shall
---
Past
sceolde
sholde
should
In ME the verb wasn’t used as a notional verb any more (in the meaning “to owe”), but functioned as a modal verb to express necessity, obligation and order.
The Past form sholde also began to be used as the Present Subjunctive form of shall, but eventually turned into a new separate modal verb should.
The similar shift of of time-reference occurred with would, must and ought.
4. Oe willan (Irregular) “intend, wish, will, be about to”
-
OE
ME
NE
Present
Sg wille, wylle
Pl willað
will, wyll
willen
will
Past
wolde
wolde
would
The letter “u” was inserted into the form would by analogy with should and could.
This verb will formed a system with shall, weakened its lexical meaning and turned into auxiliary, and its form would turned into a separate modal verb.