Дополнительные задания для подготовки к экзамену (практическая часть, 2 семестр)

Дайте этимологический анализ и проследите развитие древнеанглийского слова по настоящий период.

1. OE cēap (‘cattle, bargain’), ME chep, NE cheap

Gth kaupon, OHG kouf

2. OE dōn, ME don, doon, NE do

OHG tuon, Rus делать

3. OE beran, ME beren, NE bear (‘carry’)

Gth baίran, Lat ferre, Rus брать

4. OE sēon, ME sen, NE see

Gth saίhvan, OHG sehan

5. OE hỹran, ME heren, huren, hiren, NE hear

Gth hausjan, OHG horen, Lat curtus

6. OE milde, ME, NE mild

Gth milds, OHG milti, Rus млад

7. OE heard, ME herd, NE hard

Gth hardus, OHG hart

8. OE helpan, ME, NE help

Gth hilpan, OHG helfan

9. OE cnāwan, ME knowen, NE know

Lat gnosco

10. OE ōÞer, ME, NE other

Gth anÞar, OHG andar

Development of Demonstrative Pronouns

In OE the demonstrative pronoun had a complicated paradigm. It had the categories of Gender (M, F, N), Case (Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Inst) and Number (Sg, Pl). In ME the demonstrative pronoun lost the categories of Gender and Case and in ENE it had only four forms.

Masc.

Fem.

N

Pl

Masc.

Fem.

N.

Pl

OE

Þēs

Þēos

Þis

Þās

OE

sē

sēo

Þæt

Þā

EME

thes [e:]

thes [e:]

this

thos [O:]

EME

that [a]

tho [O:]

LME

t hese

this

t hose

LME

that

NE

this

? these

NE

that

? those

Grammatical categories of the Demonstrative Pronoun

	OE	ME	NE
Gender	M, F, N	-	-
Number	Sg, Pl	Sg, Pl	Sg, Pl
Case	Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Inst.	-	-

Formation of the Definite article

The other direction of development of the demonstrative pronoun led to the formation of the definite article. Already in OE the pronouns sē (M), sēo (F), Þæt (N) were often used in a weakened meaning. In ME the form the [θe] (N) began to be used with all nouns irrespectively of their gender and number and became the definite article, wile the demonstrative pronoun that preserved its number distinctions.

Formation of the Indefinite article

The indefinite article developed from the OE numeral ān which split into two words in ME: the numeral oon and the indefinite article an (a).

OE	ME	NE
OE ān (numeral)	oon (numeral)	one
	an (a) (article)	an (a)