2 Grain Storage Facilities in Ukraine
In Ukraine there are more than 1000 grain storage and distribution facilities which are divided into several categories:
- grain procurement enterprises. These receive grain from the farms and dry clean and dry it before storage;
- transport elevators, located near to big railway stations, transport junctions, sea and river ports, etc.;
- elevators integrated into bread products enterprises. This kind of enterprises combines together an elevator flour and feed mill.
A usual grain procurement enterprise is a store, built of brick or stone, of approximately 60 metres long, 15 metres wide and 3 metres of height up to the roof, giving a nominal capacity of 3,200 tons. Many of them have railway spurs, which enable the grain to be loaded onto railcars. The roofs of the stores are of asbestos cement sheeting over timber boards, supported on round wooden poles. The floor is usually asphalt and often incorporates underfloor ventilation ducts. Axial flow fans are fitted to the ends of these ducts, outside the buildings, to enable the store to be ventilated. In the centre of the building there is a central channel for a lengthwise belt conveyor which is in use when the store is unloaded. The stores are generally filled by an overhead belt conveyor. To unload the store in most cases a small bucket loader is needed, although some facilities do have sloping floors.
I. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст
II. Знайдіть у тексті та запишіть відповіді на такі запитання:
1. How many grain storage and distribution facilities are there in Ukraine?
2. What categories are such enterprises divided into?
3. What is a bread products enterprise?
4. What are usual parametres of a grain procurement enterprise?
5. What are the constructional features of these enterprises?
6. What are these enterprises equipped with?
7. How are the stores filled and unloaded?
III. Дайте українські еквіваленти таких виразів:
1. grain storage and distribution facility;
2. grain procurement enterprise;
3. transport junction;
4. built of brick or stone;
5. of approximately 60 metres long;
6. giving a nominal capacity of...;
7. asbestos cement sheeting over timber boards;
8. axial flow fan;
9. lengthwise belt conveyor;
10. in most cases.
VI. Дайте англійські еквіваленти таких виразів
1.поділятися на декілька категорій;
2.одержувати (приймати) зерно від господарств;
3.розташовані біля великих залізничних станцій;
4.елеватори у складі комбінатів хлібопродуктів;
5.три метри висотою під дах;
6.які дозволяють навантажувати зерно у залазничні вагони;
7.під підлогою часто знаходяться вентиляційні канали;
8.зовні будівель;
9.який використовується при розвантаженні сховища;
10.верхній стрічковий транспортер;
3. Economics
Economics is a very broad concept often used to denote a range of different things. Amidst all these differences the two distinct aspects are shown quite clearly: technical and social. Both are reflected in management. In the technical sense, management has to do with machines, instrument etc. Men control machines and mechanical systems, and this calls for professional knowledge and special skills. In principle, however, management of this kind pertains to the technical aspect of production and strictly speaking, remains outside the sphere of economics.
Economics as a totality of the relations between men in the realm of the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods includes, of course, the movement of material value, that is, of things. But the point is that relations between men do not form on their own, but in regard to the production and the appropriation of goods. This is the basis of economic science. Behind the relations of things stand real relationships between people, the motives and aims of their activity. That to manage the economy means to foresee their future is clear. But it also means to orientate them in a definite direction, towards working for a set goal. The sources of management are rooted in antiquity.
Currently the economy of Ukraine is in a state of profound crisis, due to the constant drop of production levels, imperfection of economic legislation, unconsidered and inflexible tax policy and many other negative factors. The bad
state of economy in Ukraine is a cause of constantly falling living standard of the people, shortening their life span, increase of social tension of the society. To improve the situation the sweeping economic reform should be taken, which should include perfection of the legal system, removal of the unbearable tax press from the national goods manufacturers, resolute struggle with the officials’ corruption and a lot of other radical measures. If these stay undone, the economy of Ukraine will go on falling, which will bring new sufferings to the Ukrainian people.
I . Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
ІІ . Визначте, які з поданих тверджень відповідають змістові тексту. Запишіть номери цих речень.
1. Machines and mechanical systems are used in management.
2. Management and economics are closely connected.
3. The relations between men do not form in regard to production of goods.
4. To manage the economy is to foresee the development of social and production relations between people.
5. Economics is a very broad concept.
6. Economics does not include the movement of material values.
III. Прочитайте наступні питання. До кожного питання пропонуються три варіанти відповідей. Запишіть номер питання та літеру того варіанту, який ви вважаєте вірним.
1.What is management?
A: technical and social aspects are reflected in management.
B: the totality of the relations between men in the sphere of production is management.
C: management is the ability to foresee the relationship between people in the sphere of production and to orientate them in a definite direction.
2. What requires professional knowledge?
A: economics ;
B: machines ;
C: management.
3. With what has management to do in the technical sense?
A: equipment;
B: people;
C: men.
4. How do the relations between people form?
A: on their own;
B: in regard to the production and the appropriation of goods;
C: in regard to the movement of material values;
5. What aspects are distinguished in economics?
A: special and technical;
B: professional;
C: technical and social.
6. What kind of movement does the economics include?
A: the movement of goods;
B: the movement of people;
C: the movement of material values.
7. What stands behind the relations of things?
exchange and consumption of goods;
real relationships between people;
production and movement of things.
8 . What is a cause of constantly falling living standard of the people in Ukraine?
A: political crisis;
B: the bad state of economy;
C: international relations.
IУ. Виберiть слова, якi вiдповiдають змiсту наступних речень.
… is a totality of the relations between men.
A: economics;
B: management;
C: activity.
Economics includes the movement of things in the sphere of …
A: material values;
B: production and consumption;
C: professional knowledge
.
3: In the technical sense … has to do with machines.
A: economics;
B: management;
C: distribution.
4. Men need … to control machines.
A: special skills;
B: special equipment;
C: management.
5. To manage the economy … to foresee the future.
A: includes;
B: means;
C: needs.
6. The motives of men’s activity stand behind the … of things.
A: exchange;
B: relation;
C: distribution.
7. Men … machines and mechanical systems.
A: operate;
B: exchange;
C: produce.
V. Виберіть і напишіть замість крапок форму дієслова, яка б відповідала правилам граматики англійської мови.
1. Management … professional knowledge.
A. is calling for;
B. is called for;
C. calls for.
2. Men … machines and mechanical systems.
A. controlling;
B. controls;
C. control,
3. Real relationships between people … behind the relation of things.
A. are standing;
B. is standing;
C. stand.
4. Economics … a range of different things.
A. to denote;
B. denote;
C. denotes.
IV. З підкреслених слів або словосполучень виберіть те, яке треба змінити, щоб речення відповідало граматичним нормам англійської мови.
T
o
manage the economy means foresee the future.
A B C
M anagement pertains to the technical aspect of production and remain outside
A B C
the sphere of economics.
3
.
Economics include the movement of material values.
A B C
4 . The general aim of these work is to orientate management as much as possible
A B
towards raising the efficiency of production.
C
5
.
It is not easy manage such an economic complex.
A B
C
6
.
Large-scale instruction in the fundamentals of economics have been
conducted
A
B
C
for many years.
To participate actively in manage social production one should have
A
B
p rofessional knowledge.
C