- •1. Grammatical category. Grammatical meaning. Grammatical form
- •2. Theory of oppositions. Types of oppositions. Oppositions in morphology
- •3. Morpheme. Derivation morphemes and inflection morphemes
- •4. Distributional analysis. Morphemic analysis. Ic-analysis
- •1. Noun
- •2. Adjective
- •3. Pronoun
- •4. Numeral
- •5. The verb
- •7. The adverb
- •8. Prepositions
- •9. Conjunctions
- •10. Particles
- •11. Interjections
- •1. General characteristics
- •2. The category of number
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The Problem of Gender in English
- •5. The Category of Determination
- •1. A General Outline of the Verb as a Part of Speech
- •2. Classification of Verbs
- •3. The Category of Person
- •4. The Category of Number
- •5. The category of tense
- •6. The category of aspect
- •7. The category of temporal correlation
- •1. The category of voice
- •2. The Category of Mood
- •3. Mood and Modality
- •4. Oppositional reduction of verbal categories
- •Introductory
- •1. A general outline of the adjective
- •2. Classification of adjectives
- •3. The problem of the category of state
- •4. The category of comparison
- •5. The Adverb
- •1. A General Outline of Functional Parts of Speech
- •2. The Preposition
- •3. The Conjunction
- •4. The Particle
- •5. The Interjection
- •6. The Modal Word
- •1. The phrase as the basic unit of syntax.
- •2. Types of phrases
- •3. Types of syntactic relations
- •1. The notion of sentence. The sentence as a language unit
- •2. Classifications of simple sentences
- •1. The traditional scheme of sentence parsing
- •2. The main sentence parts: the subject and the predicate, their types
- •3. The Secondary Sentence Parts
- •4. Structural Schemes of the Sentence. The Elementary Sentence
- •5. Syntactic Processes
- •1. Semantic Roles and Semantic Configurations
- •2. Actual Division of the Sentence
- •3. Language means of expressing the theme and the rheme
- •1. The Definition of the Composite Sentence
- •2. Compound Sentences
- •3. Complex Sentences
- •4. Asyndetic Sentences
- •5. Transition From Simple To Composite Sentences
- •6. Mixed type of composite sentences
- •1. Semantics and Pragmatics
- •2. Indirect Meaning of the Utterance
- •1. Speech acts theory. Classification of speech acts
- •2. Pragmatic transposition of sentences
- •1. Conversational Implicature
- •2. The Cooperative principle and Grice’s maxims
- •3. The Politeness principle and Leech’s maxims
- •1. Text as an Object of Linguistic Research
- •2. Cohesion and Coherence
- •3. Textual Categories
- •4. Textual Units. Supra-Phrasal Unity and Paragraph
1. A General Outline of the Verb as a Part of Speech
The verb is the most complex part of speech. This is due to the central role it
performs in realizing predication - connection between the situation given in the
utterance and reality. That is why the verb is of primary informative significance in
the utterance. Besides, the verb possesses a lot of grammatical categories.
Furthermore, within the class of verbs various subclass divisions based on different
principles of classification can be found.
Semantic features of the verb. The verb possesses the grammatical meaning
of verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time. This meaning is
inherent not only in the verbs denoting processes, but also in those denoting states,
forms of existence, evaluations, etc.
Morphological features of the verb. The verb possesses the following
grammatical categories: tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, finitude and
temporal correlation. The common categories for finite and non-finite forms are
voice, aspect, temporal correlation and finitude. The grammatical categories of the
English verb find their expression in both synthetical and analytical forms.
Syntactic features. The most universal syntactic feature of verbs is their
ability to be modified by adverbs. The second important syntactic criterion is the
ability of the verb to perform the syntactic function of the predicate. However, this
criterion is not absolute because only finite forms can perform this function while
non-finite forms can be used in any function but predicate.
2. Classification of Verbs
Morphological classifications
1. According to their stem-types all verbs fall into: simple (to play), soundreplacive
(food - to feed, blood - to bleed), stress-replacive (‘insult - to in’sult,
‘record - to re’cord), expanded - built with the help of suffixes and prefixes
(oversleep, undergo), composite - correspond to composite nouns (to blackmail),
phrasal (to have a smoke, to take a look).
2. According to the way of forming past tenses and Participle II verbs can be
regular and irregular.
Lexical-morphological classification is based on the implicit grammatical
meanings of the verb.
According to the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity
verbs fall into transitive and intransitive.
According to the implicit grammatical meaning of stativeness/nonstativeness
verbs fall into stative and dynamic.
Dynamic verbs include:
1) activity verbs: beg, call, drink;
2) process verbs: grow, widen, narrow;
3) verbs of bodily sensations: hurt, itch;
4) transitional event verbs: die, fall;
5) momentary: hit, kick, nod.
Stative verbs include:
1) verbs of inert perception and cognition: adore, hate, love;
2) relational verbs: consist, cost, have, owe.
According to the implicit grammatical meaning of terminativeness/nonterminativeness
verbs fall into terminative and durative. This classification is
closely connected with the categories of aspect and temporal correlation.
Syntactic classifications
According to the nature of predication (primary and secondary) all verbs fall
into finite and non-finite.
Functional classification
According to their functional significance verbs can be notional (with the
full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries.
Auxiliaries are used in the strict order: modal, perfective, progressive, passive.