- •Передмова
- •Lesson 1
- •Reading Exercises:
- •Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 2
- •Dohc or Twin cam engine
- •After text activity
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 3 Read the text: springs
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 4
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 5
- •Lithium-Ion Car Battery
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 6
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 7
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 8 Read the text: Servicing the Engine Cooling System
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 9
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
- •Lesson 10
- •I. Reading Exercises:
- •II. Speaking Exercises:
- •III. Writing exercises:
I. Reading Exercises:
Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:
bending moment; displacement; linear deflection; shock absorption; spring; suspension; tension bar; torque; torsion; compression; |
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
What happens in a vehicle suspension, when the wheel meets an obstacle?
What is the (ex)tension spring similar to?
What is the helical torsion spring similar to?
Where are non-metallic springs often applied?
Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:
1. In a vehicle suspension, when the wheel meets an obstacle, the springing |
a) deforms only after the load reaches a certain minimum value. |
2. The simplest spring is |
b) also find some use. |
3. A tension spring can be wound with initial pre-load so that it |
c) allows movement of the wheel over the obstacle. |
4. Springs utilising gas compressibility |
d) the tension bar. |
Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:
Rotary springs (come/involve) torque and angular deflection. The simplest of these is the torsion bar in which loading is pure torque; its analysis is (compressed/based) upon the simple torsion equation. Torsion bars are stiff compared to other forms of rotary spring, however they do(have/load) many practical applications such as in vehicle suspensions.
II. Speaking Exercises:
Exercise 1. Describe deformation; deflection; bending; torsion; helix; suspension, using the suggested words and expressions as in example:
deformation alteration of shape; stresses; thermal expansion; transformations; shrinkage; expansions. example: Deformation is any alteration of shape or dimensions of a body caused by stresses, thermal expansion or contraction, chemical or metallurgical transformations, or shrinkage and expansions due to moisture change. |
deflection shape change; reduction in diameter; without fracturing the material. |
bending a metal part; pressure; a curved shape; angular shape; the stretching; flanging; a curved path. |
torsion a twisting deformation; a solid body; an axis; lines parallel to; helices. |
suspension wire; coil; spring; support; the moving element; |
helix a curve; a cylindrical or conical surface; points of the surface; at the same angle |
Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:
1) Question: ___________________________________________ ?
Answer: This type of spring is the most common
2) Question: ___________________________________________ ?
Answer: A tension spring can be wound with initial pre-load so that it deforms only after the load reaches a certain minimum value.
3) Question: ___________________________________________ ?
Answer: Rotary springs involve torque and angular deflection.
4) Question: ___________________________________________ ?
Answer: The helical torsion spring is similar to the helical tension spring in requiring specially formed ends to transmit the load.