D escribe the functional structure of von Neumann machine.
Formulate and analyze Moor’s Law.
Increased density of components on chip
Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance
Smaller size gives increased flexibility
Reduced power and cooling requirements
Fewer interconnections increases reliabilit
What’s Computer System Performance? List the basic characteristics of Computer System Performance.
The Computer Performance (CP) is determined by number of certain (well known) operations per time unity.
The generalized estimation of the CP is a number of transactions per second.
The basic performance characteristics of a computer system: processor speed,memory capacity,interconnection data
rates.
What’s Hardwired Program? (What’s programming in Hardware?)
16) What’s Software Program? (What’s programming in Software?)
Instructions
codes
Instruction
Interpreter
Control signals
D
ata Results
General-Purpose Arithmetic
and Logic Functions
20) Describe each step of MCIP on the “Hypothetical Machine” for one concrete instruction.
Fetch Cycle
Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch
Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC
Increment PC
Unless told otherwise
Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)
Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions
Execute Cycle
Processor-memory
data transfer between CPU and main memory
Processor I/O
Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
Data processing
Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
Control
Alteration of sequence of operations
e.g. jump
Combination of above
1 7) Describe the functional structure of Computer components …
22) Do we mean under the Interrupts? What is the main reason of using the Interrupt Mechanism?
Mechanism by which other modules (e.g. I/O, memory) may interrupt normal sequence of processing.
Interrupts are some changes in the control flow caused not by the program itself, but by something other, and usually connected with the I/O process.
Interrupt is a temporary cessation of the process caused by an event, which is an external one as regards to this process.
Interrupts are provided primarily as a way to improve processing efficiency
What’s the Main Cycle of Instruction Processing (mcip)?
Two steps: a)Fetch b)Execute
The instruction fetch consists of reading an instruction from a location in the memory.
The instruction execution may involve several operations and depends on the nature of the instruction.
