1. In your own words …

Data are base elements of information, such as numbers, letters, symbols and so on, which are processed or carried out by human or computer (or by some machine)

Information is a matter conferred to the data.

Format is a way of data representation, or a scheme of data positioning.

Computer is a device or a complex of devices, which is intended for mechanization or automating of data processing, and is constructed on the base of electronic elements

Analog Computer is a computing device, which processes data given in a form of continuously changing physical values, the meanings of which may be measured. Such type of computers are usually used for solving equations, describing processes in real scale of time, when initial data is input from special measuring data monitors.

Digital Computer is an electronic computing device, which receives a discrete input data, processes it in accordance with the list of instructions stored inside it and generates resulting output data.

Hybrid Computer is a computing system, in which elements of analog and digital computers are combined. These computers are used for solving equations by implementing analog devices, but for storage, future processing and results representation digital devices are implemented.

Composition of Computer is called configuration.

Hardware consists of tangible objects: integrated circuits, printed boards, cables, memory devices, printers, some others technical devices and physical equipment.

Software is a detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system.

Interface is a relation between two processing components. &a complete complex of agreements concerning input and output signals, by which may exchange the following data processors: computer device – computer device; program – program medium; human beings – data processing system, - and some others.

Architecture of CS is a specification of its interfaces, which determines data processing and includes: methods of data coding, system of instructions, principles of software-hardware interaction.

The operational units and their interconnections that realize the architecture of the CS is the Organization of the CS.

2. List the major components …

m ajor computer components are CPU, Memory, I/O

functions are 1.- Data processing, 2.- Data storage, 3. - Data movement, 4. – Control

2. List operations …

1.Data movement(e.g. keyboard to screen)

2. Storage (e.g. Internet download to disk)

3. Processing from/to storage (e.g. updating bank statement)

4.Processing from storage to I/O(e.g. printing a bank statement)

5. Call the minimal number of levels of virtual machine..

0.digital-logic level (its objects are gates; every gate is constructed from some transistors; a group of gates forms 1 bit of memory; groups of gates are united in another groups and form registers).

1.micro architecture level. There are 8 or 32 registers and ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) on this level, the registers form local memory.

2.level of system instructions architecture. It includes instructions which are executed by the micro program interpreter or by hardware.

3.operation system level. It may include instructions which belong to the lowest levels.

4.level of assembly language. This level represents a symbolic form (not digital) of one of the languages of lower levels

5.High Level Languages. This level consists of languages which were created for the applied programmers.

5. What is the difference between translator and interpreter?

most of the programs of 4^th level are supported by a translator; programs of 2^nd and 3^rd levels are interpretable

5. Why computer hardware and computer software are … logically equivalent?

any operation which is executed by software can be mounted in hardware (it is advisable after it has been carried out), and vice versa.

5. Formulate and analyze Key Concepts of von Neumann Architecture.

• Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory subsystem;

• The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to the type of data contained there;

• Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from one instruction to the next.

5. Describe the functional structure of IAS. List elements of Architectur…

1000 x 40 bit words(1000 cells, and each cell contains 40 bit)

Binary number

2 x 20 bit instructions(they were stored at the same cells)

Set of registers (storage in CPU)

Memory Buffer Register

Memory Address Register

Instruction Register

Instruction Buffer Register

Program Counter

Accumulator

Multiplier Quotien

10. Formulate and analyze Moor’s Law.

Increased density of components on chip

Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel

Number of transistors on a chip will double every year

Since 1970’s development has slowed a little

Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged

Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance

Smaller size gives increased flexibility

Reduced power and cooling requirements

Fewer interconnections increases reliability