- •New latin grammar
- •Charles e. Bennett
- •Preface.
- •Preface to the second edition.
- •From the preface to the first edition.
- •European members of the indo-european family.
- •Part I. Sounds, accent, quantity.
- •5. A. Quantity of Vowels.
- •Consonant changes[10]
- •Part II.
- •Inflections.
- •Chapter I.—Declension. A. Nouns.
- •Cases alike in Form.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
- •Greek Nouns.
- •Nouns in -vus, -vum, -quus.
- •Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.
- •Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.
- •I. Consonant-Stems.
- •III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.
- •IV. Stems in -ī, -ū, and Diphthongs.
- •V. Irregular Nouns.
- •General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.
- •Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
- •44. Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.
- •45. Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.
- •46. Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.
- •Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.
- •Gender in the Fifth Declension.
- •Nouns used in the Singular only.
- •Nouns used in the Plural only.
- •Nouns used only in Certain Cases.
- •Indeclinable Nouns.
- •Heteroclites.
- •Heterogeneous Nouns.
- •Plurals with Change of Meaning.
- •B. Adjectives.
- •Nine Irregular Adjectives.
- •Adjectives of Three Terminations.
- •Adjectives of Two Terminations.
- •Adjectives of One Termination.
- •Irregular Comparison.
- •Defective Comparison.
- •Comparison by Magis and Maximē.
- •Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
- •Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
- •Declension of the Cardinals.
- •Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.
- •C. Pronouns.
- •Chapter II.—Conjugation.
- •Formation of the Present Stem.
- •Formation of the Perfect Stem.
- •Formation of the Participial Stem.
- •First (ā-) Conjugation.
- •Second (ē-) Conjugation.
- •Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
- •Fourth Conjugation.
- •Part III. Particles.
- •Adverbs.
- •Prepositions.
- •2. Nouns derived from Nouns.
- •3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.
- •1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.
- •2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.
- •3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.
- •4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.
- •1. Verbs derived from Verbs.
- •2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
- •II. Compounds.
- •Form of interrogative sentences.
- •Subject and predicate.
- •Simple and compound sentences.
- •Chapter II.—Syntax of Nouns. Subject.
- •Predicate nouns.
- •Appositives.
- •The cases.
- •Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected.
- •Accusative of the Result Produced.
- •Two Accusatives—Direct Object and Predicate Accusative.
- •Two Accusatives—Person and Thing.
- •Two Accusatives with Compounds.
- •Synecdochical (or Greek) Accusative.
- •Accusative of Time and Space.
- •Accusative of Limit of Motion.
- •Accusative in Exclamations.
- •Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive.
- •Other Uses of the Accusative.
- •Dative of Indirect Object.
- •Dative of Reference.
- •Dative of Agency.
- •Dative of Possession.
- •Dative of Purpose or Tendency.
- •Dative with Adjectives.
- •Dative of Direction.
- •Memini, Reminīscor, Oblīvīscor.
- •Admoneō, Commoneō, Commonefaciō.
- •Verbs of Judicial Action.
- •Genitive with Impersonal Verbs.
- •Interest, Rēfert.
- •Genitive with Other Verbs.
- •Ablative of Separation.
- •Ablative of Source.
- •Ablative of Agent.
- •Ablative of Comparison.
- •Ablative of Means.
- •Ablative of Cause.
- •Ablative of Manner.
- •Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.
- •Ablative of Accompaniment.
- •Ablative of Association.
- •Ablative of Degree of Difference.
- •Ablative of Quality.
- •Ablative of Price.
- •Ablative of Specification.
- •Ablative Absolute.
- •Ablative of Place.
- •Ablative of Time.
- •Chapter III.—Syntax of Adjectives.
- •Agreement of adjectives.
- •235. Agreement with Two or More Nouns.
- •Adjectives used substantively.
- •Adjectives with the force of adverbs.
- •Comparatives and superlatives.
- •Other peculiarities.
- •Chapter IV.—Syntax of Pronouns. Personal pronouns.
- •Possessive pronouns.
- •Reflexive pronouns.
- •Reciprocal pronouns.
- •Demonstrative pronouns. Hīc, Ille, Iste.
- •Relative pronouns.
- •Indefinite pronouns.
- •Pronominal adjectives.
- •Chapter V.—Syntax of Verbs. Agreement. With One Subject.
- •With Two or More Subjects.
- •Voices.
- •Tenses.
- •Principal and Historical Tenses.
- •Present Indicative.
- •Imperfect Indicative.
- •Future Indicative.
- •Perfect Indicative.
- •Pluperfect Indicative.
- •Future Perfect Indicative.
- •Epistolary Tenses.
- •Sequence of Tenses.
- •Peculiarities of Sequence.
- •Method of Expressing Future Time in the Subjunctive.
- •The moods.
- •The Indicative in Independent Sentences.
- •The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences.
- •The Imperative.
- •Clauses of Purpose.
- •Clauses of Characteristic.
- •Clauses of Result.
- •Causal Clauses.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut, Ubi, Simul ac, etc.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum.
- •Clauses introduced by Antequam and Priusquam.
- •Clauses introduced by Dum, Dōnec, Quoad.
- •Substantive Clauses.
- •A. Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive.
- •B. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative.
- •C. Substantive Clauses of Result.
- •D. Substantive Clauses introduced by Quīn.
- •E. Substantive Clauses Introduced by Quod.
- •F. Indirect Questions.
- •First Type.—Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the Supposed Case.
- •Second Type.—'Should'-'Would' Conditions.
- •Third Type.—Supposed Case Represented as Contrary to Fact.
- •Protasis expressed without Sī.
- •Use of Nisi, Sī Nōn, Sīn.
- •Conditional Clauses of Comparison.
- •Concessive Clauses.
- •Adversative Clauses with Quamvīs, Quamquam, etc.
- •Clauses with Dum, Modo, Dummodo, denoting a Wish or a Proviso.
- •Relative Clauses.
- •Indirect discourse (ōrātiō oblīqua).
- •Declarative Sentences.
- •Interrogative Sentences.
- •Imperative Sentences.
- •A. Tenses of the Infinitive.
- •B. Tenses of the Subjunctive.
- •Conditional Sentences of the First Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Second Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Third Type.
- •Noun and adjective forms of the verb.
- •Infinitive without Subject Accusative.
- •Infinitive with Subject Accusative.
- •Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs.
- •Use of Participles.
- •Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund.
- •Chapter VI.—Particles. Coördinate conjunctions.
- •Chapter VII.—Word-order and Sentence-Structure. A. Word-order.
- •B. Sentence-structure.
- •Chapter VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.
- •Adjectives.
- •Pronouns.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the accusative.
- •Peculiarities in connection with the use of the dative.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the genitive.
- •Part VI. Prosody.
- •Quantity of vowels and syllables
- •Quantity of Final Syllables.
- •Verse-structure.
- •Inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab altō est.
- •Vergilium vīdī tantum, neo amāra Tibullō
- •Supplements to the grammar.
- •A. Figures of Syntax.
- •B. Figures of Rhetoric.
- •Index of the sources of the illustrative examples cited in the syntax.[63]
- •Abbreviations used in index to the illustrative examples
- •Index to the principal parts of the most important verbs
- •General index.
- •Footnotes
2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
156. Denominatives of the First Conjugation are mostly transitive; those of the Second exclusively intransitive. Those of the Third and Fourth Conjugations are partly transitive, partly intransitive. Examples are—
a) From Nouns:—
fraudō, |
defraud |
(fraus); |
vestiō, |
clothe |
(vestis); |
flōreō, |
bloom |
(flōs). |
b) From Adjectives:—
līberō, |
free |
(līber); |
saeviō, |
be fierce |
(saevus). |
D. ADVERBS.
157. 1. Adverbs derived from verbs are formed from the Participial Stem by means of the suffix -im; as,—
certātim, |
emulously |
(certō); |
cursim, |
in haste |
(currō); |
statim, |
immediately |
(stō). |
2. Adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives are formed:—
a) With the suffixes -tim (-sim), -ātim; as,—
gradātim, step by step;
paulātim, gradually;
virītim, man by man.
b) With the suffix -tus; as,—
antīquitus, of old;
rādīcitus, from the roots.
c) With the suffix -ter; as,—
breviter, briefly.
II. Compounds.
158. 1. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second member usually contains the essential meaning of the compound; the first member expresses some modification of this.
2. Vowel changes often occur in the process of composition. Thus:—
a. In the second member of compounds. (See § 7, 1.)
b. The final vowel of the stem of the first member of the compound often appears as ĭ where we should expect ŏ or ă; sometimes it is dropped altogether, and in case of consonant stems ĭ is often inserted; as,—
signifer, standard-bearer;
tubicen, trumpeter;
magnanimus, high-minded;
mātricīda, matricide.
159. EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS.
1. Nouns:—
a) Preposition + Noun; as,—
dē-decus, disgrace;
pro-avus, great-grandfather.
b) Noun + Verb Stem; as,—
agri-cola, farmer;
frātri-cīda, fratricide.
2. Adjectives:—
a) Preposition + Adjective (or Noun); as,—
per-magnus, very great;
sub-obscūrus, rather obscure;
ā-mēns, frantic.
b) Adjective + Noun; as,—
magn-animus, great-hearted;
celeri-pēs, swift-footed.
c) Noun + Verb Stem; as,—
parti-ceps, sharing;
morti-fer, death-dealing.
3. Verbs:—
The second member is always a verb. The first may be—
a) A Noun; as,—
aedi-ficō, build.
b) An Adjective; as,—
ampli-ficō, enlarge.
c) An Adverb; as,—
male-dīcō, rail at.
d) Another Verb; as,—
cale-faciō, make warm.
e) A Preposition; as,—
ab-jungō, detach;
re-ferō, bring back;
dis-cernō, distinguish;
ex-spectō, await.
NOTE.—Here belong the so-called INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:
ambi- (amb-), around;
dis- (dir-, di-), apart, asunder;
por-, forward;
red- (re-), back;
sēd- (sē-), apart from;
vē-, without.
4. Adverbs:—
These are of various types; as,—
anteā, before;
īlīcō (in locō), on the spot;
imprīmīs, especially;
obviam, in the way.
PART V.
SYNTAX.
160. Syntax treats of the use of words in sentences
CHAPTER I.—Sentences.
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.
161. Sentences may be classified as follows:—
1. DECLARATIVE, which state something; as,—
puer scrībit, the boy is writing.
2. INTERROGATIVE, Which ask a question; as,—
quid puer scrībit, what is the boy writing?
3. EXCLAMATORY, which are in the form of an exclamation; as,—
quot librōs scrībit, how many books he writes!
4. IMPERATIVE, which express a command or an admonition; as,—
scrībe, write!