- •New latin grammar
- •Charles e. Bennett
- •Preface.
- •Preface to the second edition.
- •From the preface to the first edition.
- •European members of the indo-european family.
- •Part I. Sounds, accent, quantity.
- •5. A. Quantity of Vowels.
- •Consonant changes[10]
- •Part II.
- •Inflections.
- •Chapter I.—Declension. A. Nouns.
- •Cases alike in Form.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
- •Greek Nouns.
- •Nouns in -vus, -vum, -quus.
- •Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.
- •Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.
- •I. Consonant-Stems.
- •III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.
- •IV. Stems in -ī, -ū, and Diphthongs.
- •V. Irregular Nouns.
- •General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.
- •Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
- •44. Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.
- •45. Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.
- •46. Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.
- •Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.
- •Gender in the Fifth Declension.
- •Nouns used in the Singular only.
- •Nouns used in the Plural only.
- •Nouns used only in Certain Cases.
- •Indeclinable Nouns.
- •Heteroclites.
- •Heterogeneous Nouns.
- •Plurals with Change of Meaning.
- •B. Adjectives.
- •Nine Irregular Adjectives.
- •Adjectives of Three Terminations.
- •Adjectives of Two Terminations.
- •Adjectives of One Termination.
- •Irregular Comparison.
- •Defective Comparison.
- •Comparison by Magis and Maximē.
- •Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
- •Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
- •Declension of the Cardinals.
- •Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.
- •C. Pronouns.
- •Chapter II.—Conjugation.
- •Formation of the Present Stem.
- •Formation of the Perfect Stem.
- •Formation of the Participial Stem.
- •First (ā-) Conjugation.
- •Second (ē-) Conjugation.
- •Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
- •Fourth Conjugation.
- •Part III. Particles.
- •Adverbs.
- •Prepositions.
- •2. Nouns derived from Nouns.
- •3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.
- •1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.
- •2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.
- •3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.
- •4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.
- •1. Verbs derived from Verbs.
- •2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
- •II. Compounds.
- •Form of interrogative sentences.
- •Subject and predicate.
- •Simple and compound sentences.
- •Chapter II.—Syntax of Nouns. Subject.
- •Predicate nouns.
- •Appositives.
- •The cases.
- •Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected.
- •Accusative of the Result Produced.
- •Two Accusatives—Direct Object and Predicate Accusative.
- •Two Accusatives—Person and Thing.
- •Two Accusatives with Compounds.
- •Synecdochical (or Greek) Accusative.
- •Accusative of Time and Space.
- •Accusative of Limit of Motion.
- •Accusative in Exclamations.
- •Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive.
- •Other Uses of the Accusative.
- •Dative of Indirect Object.
- •Dative of Reference.
- •Dative of Agency.
- •Dative of Possession.
- •Dative of Purpose or Tendency.
- •Dative with Adjectives.
- •Dative of Direction.
- •Memini, Reminīscor, Oblīvīscor.
- •Admoneō, Commoneō, Commonefaciō.
- •Verbs of Judicial Action.
- •Genitive with Impersonal Verbs.
- •Interest, Rēfert.
- •Genitive with Other Verbs.
- •Ablative of Separation.
- •Ablative of Source.
- •Ablative of Agent.
- •Ablative of Comparison.
- •Ablative of Means.
- •Ablative of Cause.
- •Ablative of Manner.
- •Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.
- •Ablative of Accompaniment.
- •Ablative of Association.
- •Ablative of Degree of Difference.
- •Ablative of Quality.
- •Ablative of Price.
- •Ablative of Specification.
- •Ablative Absolute.
- •Ablative of Place.
- •Ablative of Time.
- •Chapter III.—Syntax of Adjectives.
- •Agreement of adjectives.
- •235. Agreement with Two or More Nouns.
- •Adjectives used substantively.
- •Adjectives with the force of adverbs.
- •Comparatives and superlatives.
- •Other peculiarities.
- •Chapter IV.—Syntax of Pronouns. Personal pronouns.
- •Possessive pronouns.
- •Reflexive pronouns.
- •Reciprocal pronouns.
- •Demonstrative pronouns. Hīc, Ille, Iste.
- •Relative pronouns.
- •Indefinite pronouns.
- •Pronominal adjectives.
- •Chapter V.—Syntax of Verbs. Agreement. With One Subject.
- •With Two or More Subjects.
- •Voices.
- •Tenses.
- •Principal and Historical Tenses.
- •Present Indicative.
- •Imperfect Indicative.
- •Future Indicative.
- •Perfect Indicative.
- •Pluperfect Indicative.
- •Future Perfect Indicative.
- •Epistolary Tenses.
- •Sequence of Tenses.
- •Peculiarities of Sequence.
- •Method of Expressing Future Time in the Subjunctive.
- •The moods.
- •The Indicative in Independent Sentences.
- •The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences.
- •The Imperative.
- •Clauses of Purpose.
- •Clauses of Characteristic.
- •Clauses of Result.
- •Causal Clauses.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut, Ubi, Simul ac, etc.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum.
- •Clauses introduced by Antequam and Priusquam.
- •Clauses introduced by Dum, Dōnec, Quoad.
- •Substantive Clauses.
- •A. Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive.
- •B. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative.
- •C. Substantive Clauses of Result.
- •D. Substantive Clauses introduced by Quīn.
- •E. Substantive Clauses Introduced by Quod.
- •F. Indirect Questions.
- •First Type.—Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the Supposed Case.
- •Second Type.—'Should'-'Would' Conditions.
- •Third Type.—Supposed Case Represented as Contrary to Fact.
- •Protasis expressed without Sī.
- •Use of Nisi, Sī Nōn, Sīn.
- •Conditional Clauses of Comparison.
- •Concessive Clauses.
- •Adversative Clauses with Quamvīs, Quamquam, etc.
- •Clauses with Dum, Modo, Dummodo, denoting a Wish or a Proviso.
- •Relative Clauses.
- •Indirect discourse (ōrātiō oblīqua).
- •Declarative Sentences.
- •Interrogative Sentences.
- •Imperative Sentences.
- •A. Tenses of the Infinitive.
- •B. Tenses of the Subjunctive.
- •Conditional Sentences of the First Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Second Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Third Type.
- •Noun and adjective forms of the verb.
- •Infinitive without Subject Accusative.
- •Infinitive with Subject Accusative.
- •Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs.
- •Use of Participles.
- •Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund.
- •Chapter VI.—Particles. Coördinate conjunctions.
- •Chapter VII.—Word-order and Sentence-Structure. A. Word-order.
- •B. Sentence-structure.
- •Chapter VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.
- •Adjectives.
- •Pronouns.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the accusative.
- •Peculiarities in connection with the use of the dative.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the genitive.
- •Part VI. Prosody.
- •Quantity of vowels and syllables
- •Quantity of Final Syllables.
- •Verse-structure.
- •Inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab altō est.
- •Vergilium vīdī tantum, neo amāra Tibullō
- •Supplements to the grammar.
- •A. Figures of Syntax.
- •B. Figures of Rhetoric.
- •Index of the sources of the illustrative examples cited in the syntax.[63]
- •Abbreviations used in index to the illustrative examples
- •Index to the principal parts of the most important verbs
- •General index.
- •Footnotes
Formation of the Present Stem.
117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:—
1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as,—
|
Present Stem |
Verb Stem |
juvāre, |
juvā- |
juv-. |
augēre, |
augē- |
aug-. |
vincīre, |
vincī- |
vinc-. |
2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).
3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).
4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,—
cern-ō |
pell-ō (for pel-nō). |
5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,—
flect-ō. |
6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,—
crēsc-ō. |
scīsc-ō. |
7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,—
gi-gn-ō (root gen-), |
si-st-ō (root sta-). |
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem—
1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,—
amāv-ī, |
dēlēv-ī, |
audīv-ī. |
2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,—
strepu-ī, |
genu-ī, |
alu-ī. |
3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,—
carp-ō, |
Perfect |
carps-ī. |
scrīb-ō, |
" |
scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī). |
rīd-eō, |
" |
rīs-ī (for rīd-sī). |
sent-iō, |
" |
sēns-ī (for sent-sī). |
dīc-ō, |
" |
dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī). |
a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.
4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:—
a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as,—
currō, |
Perfect |
cu-currī. |
poscō, |
" |
po-poscī. |
pellō, |
" |
pe-pulī. |
NOTE 1.—Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.
NOTE 2.—Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.
b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō, ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.
c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō, minuī.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:—
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,—
amā-re, |
Participle |
amā-tus. |
dēlē-re, |
" |
dēlē-tus, |
audī-re, |
" |
audī-tus, |
leg-ere, |
" |
lēc-tus, |
scrīb-ere, |
" |
scrīp-tus, |
sentī-re, |
" |
sēn-sus (for sent-tus). |
caed-ere, |
" |
cae-sus (for caed-tus). |
a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,—
lāb-ī, |
Participle |
lāp-sus. |
fīg-ere, |
" |
fī-xus. |
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,—
domā-re, |
dom-ĭtus. |
monē-re, |
mon-ĭtus. |
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But—
juvā-re, |
Perf. Partic. |
jūtus, |
has Fut. Act. Partic. |
juvātūrus.[40] |
lavā-re, |
" |
lautus, |
" |
lavātūrus. |
par-ere, |
" |
partus, |
" |
paritūrus. |
ru-ere, |
" |
rutus, |
" |
ruitūrus. |
secă-re, |
" |
sectus, |
" |
secātūrus. |
fru-ĭ, |
" |
frūctus, |
" |
fruitūrus. |
mor-ī, |
" |
mortuus, |
" |
moritūrus. |
orī-rī, |
" |
ortus, |
" |
oritūrus. |
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.