Letter //
Forum of Young European Researchers President of the Organizing Committee CWBI, University of Liege 40 Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium
Alex Kora
Odessa University Biology Department Odessa 270062, Ukraine, February 1,2010 Dear Alex.
Thank you for your letter regarding participation in the Forum. Enclosed is information on the program and call for abstracts. An official application form and brochure with general instructions will be sent to you under separate cover by the Committee Secretary. Upon completion the application form should be returned to the Organizing Committee.
If I can provide you with any further information, please let me know.
Yours sincerely, PhD. Delfosse Exercise 42. Read, translate and memorize this information.
AN ADJECTIVE VOCABULARY. As students often find themselves at a loss for the right adjective to use in literary discussions the following lists are given to aid them in the selection of the descriptive word which will help than to say exactly what they wish to say.
THE AUTHOR. Cultured, intellectual, erudite, well read. Sage, sensible, rational Philosophic, analytical, imaginative, perceptive, visionary. Optimistic, broad-minded, idealistic, religious, orthodox, sympathetic. Sophisticated, unsophisticated. Original, clever, witty, humorous. Conservative, progressive, radical, reactionary, unprejudiced. Realistic, romantic.
THE STYLE. Lucid, graphic, intelligible. Explicit, precise, exact, concise, succinct, condensed, pithy, piquant. Aphoristic, allusive, ironical, metaphorical. Poetic, prosaic. Plain, simple, homely, pure. Vigorous, forceful, fluent, glib. Natural. Restrained. Smooth, polished, classical, artistic. Bombastic, extravagant, euphemistic, rhetorical, tumid, turgid, pompous. Obscure, vague. Diffuse, verbose, prolix. Formal, titiiicitL
THE CONTENT. Scholarly, profound. Significant. Cultural, didactic, utilitarian, humanistic, pragmatic, inspirational, philosophic, spiritual. Naturalistic, impressionistic, expressionistic. Subjective, objective.
Dramatic, fanciful. Authentic, plausible, credible. Esoteric, recondite. Controversial, radical, reactionary, liberal, conservative.
LESSON 4
Exercise 1. Give the definitions to the keywords and word combinations of the text.
Professional communication, technical communication, outpace, pedagogical principles of rhetoric, review, affiliation, service, summarize, summary, computerize, patent, reference, monograph, indexing services, information search, sufficient information, primary publication, semi- systematic name.
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
Scientific Communication and Information Flow
The field of professional communication is closely related to that of technical communication though professional communication encompasses a wider variety of skills. Professional communicators use strategies, theories, and technologies to more effectively communicate in the business world.
Professional communication encompasses written, oral, and visual communication within a workplace context It blends together pedagogical principles of rhetoric, technology, and software to improve communication in a variety of settings ranging from technical writing to usability and digital media design. It focuses on the study of information and the ways it is created, managed, distributed, and consumed. Since communication in modem society is a rapidly changing area, the progress of technologies seems to often outpace the number of expert practitioners available to administer them. This creates a demand for skilled communicators which continues to exceed the supply of trained professionals.
Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) in his tract “De Alhemia'’ placed at the head of the list the following essential characteristics for an alchemist: “he must be taciturn and circumspect, and should communicate to no one the results of his operations”. The situation has radically changed since that time. Nowadays, when new chemical reactions or theories are developed, new compounds are synthesized or discovered in nature, the information is immediately made public in scientific journals and patents. A scientist works within the broad framework of information flow. He
obtains much information during face-to-face conversations, by correspondence, at meetings, conferences, etc. Primaiy journals, patents, review journals, books, abstracting and indexing services are significant sources of information. The well-informed scientist is also aware of new computerized services.
Presenting results at professional societies and meetings, writing articles for possible publications, abstracting and indexing published papers, summarizing and evaluating review articles and monographs, he enters the domain of information exchange.
The amount of literature available in primary journals is really huge, that is why secondary sources of information are very important and helpful in conducting effective information search. Some meetings allow for some extended abstracts that can be several pages long and act as a miniature paper so if a scientist wants to write one he might have to ask the meeting organizer, and again these take much longer to write so sufficient time should be left.
Chemical abstracts is the most important key to finding original primary journal article. It gives a chemist sufficient information so that he could decide whether or not he wants to consult the original article. Chemical Abstracts gives a very brief description of the original article, name of the journal, its volume, number and pages, author's name and affiliation, the language of publication.
A scientist shouldn’t write about something he hasn’t done yet, but for a project he has largely completed (or at least knows what the results are and mean). If not, he has to guess what his results will show and he runs a real risk of having to present results the opposite of those announced in article, or has none at all. Chemical Abstracts publishes short articles from the primary literature and lists (by structural formula and name) all compounds whose chemistry is described in journals and patents. The chemist finds this sort of information in the article, as well as in General Subject Index, Author Index, Chemical Substance Index and Formula Index. For example, if he consults the General Subject Index for “prostaglandins”, he will receive information about the abstracts on the subject and various entries of interest (“total synthesis”, “preparation and activity”, etc.). A strict IUPAC naming system is not used by this journal, but the Index Guide contains cross-references to trivial or semi- systematic names.
Chemical Abstracts, Geological Abstracts, Environmental
Abstracts and Biological Abstracts summarize articles from all fields of these sciences. These journals are secondary sources. Geological Abstracts is a key bibliographic reference source to the world's geological literature. It has 16 thousand entries from two thousand periodicals, books, conferences, proceedings published annually. The journal is available online as a part of GEO BASE, where you can always read an online sample copy. CDROM version of the journal is also available. Biological Abstracts monitors five thousand entries from the materials, which cover every life science topic including agriculture, biology, biotechnology, and ecology. You can find both print and online versions of the journal. There are also review journals where articles summarizing the results of numerous primary publications are found. As a matter of fact, much time and effort can be saved by the scientist who knows how to work with the secondary publications - indispensable tools in literature searching.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions to check your understanding of the text.
What is the field of professional communication closely related to? 2. What does professional communication encompass? 3. What does the progress of technologies seem to often outpace? 4. What characteristics did A. Magnus attribute to an alchemist? 5. What are the ways of obtaining information in chemistry nowadays? 6. What kind of information do primary journals publish? 7. Why are secondary publications so important in conducting effective information search? 8. What journal is the most important key to primary literature in chemistry (biology, geology, geography, IT, information security, design)?
Exercise 4. Find what terms don’t have the definitions to match.
Publication, Affiliation, Entry, Summary, Primary,
Index, Result, Version, Secondary, Search,
membership, place of work;
first in time or order, original;
looking through order to find something;
item or note entered in a list, journal, etc.;
second in order, importance; derived;
brief statement covering the main points;
alphabetical list of names, subjects, etc. indicating pages where found.
Exercise 5. Trims fate the following word-combinations and use them in л sentences ofyour own
Field of professional communication, to more effectively communicate in the business world, a variety of settings, to create a demand for skilled communicators, to be immediately made public in scientific journals, abstracting and indexing services, to summarize and evaluate review, helpful in conducting effective information search.
Exercise 6JFind English equivalents for the following Ukrainian word combinations.
Створювати потребу в кваліфікованих співрозмовниках, інформаційний пошук, сфера професійної комунікації, відразу здобути публічність, інформаційний обмін, короткий опис, система позначень, первинні публікації, реферативна література, оглядова стаття, коротке повідомлення, стендове повідомлення.
Exercise 7. Choose the word that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence.
The chemist should be aware of the broad framework of information flow within which he works.
a)now b) understand c) assign
Primary journals, patents, review journals and books are significant sources of information.
a) rich b) important c) sufficient
Chemists often informally exchange results with colleagues at face- to-face meetings, by telephone calls or correspondence.
a) public b) personal c) official
Informal networks of this type are called “invisible colleges”.
a) contacts b) communications c) systems
Exercise 8. Explain the meaning of the words using synonyms, antonyiW or associations.
Communication, to relate, business world, visual communication» information, to exceed, chemical reaction, scientific journal, face-to-f&ce conversation, professional society, domain, secondary sources, abstract, essential, well-informed, trivial, alike, original, primary and brief.
Exercise 9. Change nouns in brackets into adjectives.
1. (Essence) characteristics of a scientist are watchfulness, curiosity, honesty, and the ability to see associations of things. 2. Primary and secondary publications are (significance) sources of information. 3. Secondary sources of information are very (importance) and (help) in the literature search. 4. Major (origin) journal articles are monitored and converted into abstracts in secondary publications. 5. Secondary publications normally give (brevity) description of original articles. 6. (Efficiency) info search is impossible without Internet.
Exercise 10. Read and translate the text.
Scientific Journal In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as “Nature” publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.
The history of scientific journals dates from 1665, when the French “Journal des szavans” and the English “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society” first began systematically publishing research results. Over a thousand were founded in the 18th century, and the number has increased rapidly after that.
These articles can be used in research and graduate education. Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper. In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs.
The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary
widely. Some journals, such as “Nature”, ’'&ciепсё^^т^Пу^^щ “Physical Revie* Letters", have a reputation of publishing articles which mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields. In many fields, an informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication. It is also common for journals to have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular country or other geographic region, like “African Invertebrates”.
Articles tend to be highly technical, representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal. They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students. In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content.
Exercise 11. Find m the text the following expressions:
Періодичне видання, котре спрямоване на; ретельно переглянутий; задовольняти стандарти якості; бути невід’ємною частиною наукового методу; описувати експерименти та обчислення; зміст сучасних наукових видань; відмічати суттєвий прорив у відповідній галузі.
Exercise 12. Read the following text and write an article (any scientific topic you like) to a scientific journal.
Types of Articles
There are several types of journal articles; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:
Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings which are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings which are considered less urgent or important than Letters
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals - 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds о
pages with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the internet.
Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Examples of reviews include the 'Nature Reviews' series of journals and the 'Trends in' series, which invite experts to write on their specialization and then have the article peer reviewed before accepting the article for publication. Other journals, such as the Current Opinion series, are less rigorous in peer reviewing each article and instead rely on the author to present an accurate and unbiased view. Review articles provide information about the topic, and also provide journal references to the original research.
The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general IMRAD scheme recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Such articles begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper. The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research. The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted. The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration.
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists. In addition some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor. While these are articles published within a journal, they are not generally regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer reviewed.
Exercise 13. Complete the sentences.
1. A scientific journal is a periodic .... 2. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to ... . 3. The standards that a journal uses ... .4. Articles tend to be highly technical ... . 5. There are several types of journal articles .... 6. They are often incomprehensible to anyone ...
Exercise 14. Look through any scientific journal you have and find the examples of the articles on each type described in Exercise 3.
Exercise 15. Read and translate the texts.
Electronic Publishing It has been argued that peer-reviewed paper journals are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing in its various forms.
One form is the online equivalent of the conventional paper journal. By 2006, almost all scientific journals have, while retaining their peer-review process, established electronic versions; a number have moved entirely to electronic publication. Most academic libraries, similarly, buy the electronic version, and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most used titles.
There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal and this makes paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research. Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper. In many fields where even greater speed is wanted, such as physics, the role of the journal at disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint databases such as ArXiv.org. Almost all such articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still provide an important role in quality control, archiving papers, and establishing scientific credit.
COST. Many scientists and librarians have long protested the cost of journals, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses. To allow their researchers online access to journals, universities generally purchase site licenses, permitting access from anywhere in the university - and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere. These may be quite expensive, sometimes much more than the cost for a print subscription - although this reflects the number of people who will be using the license; a print subscription is the cost for one person to receive the journal, while a site-license can let thousands of people access it
Publications by scholarly societies, also known as not-for-profit- publishers (NFP), usually cost less than commercial publishers, but the prices of their scientific journals are still usually several thousand dollars a year. However, this money is generally used to fund the activities of the scientific societies that run such journals, or is invested in providing further scholarly resources for scientists, and thus the money remains in and benefits the scientific sphere. Despite the transition to electronic
publishing, the serials crisis persists.
Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS) family and partly-open or reduced-cost journals such as the Journal of High Energy Physics. However, professional editors still have to be paid and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources.
An article titled "Online or Invisible?" has used statistical arguments to show that electronic publishing online, and to some extent open access, both provide wider dissemination and increase the average number of citations an article receives. Lawrence postulates that papers that are easier to access are used more often and therefore cited more often. However, this is more an argument in favor of disseminating research online, than for open access perse.
COPYRIGHT. Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher. Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect author's rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use. However, many authors* especially those active in the open access movement, found this unsatisfactory, and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead. Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print and distribute the article commercially, but the authors) retain the other rights themselves.
Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors. These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow him to distribute a limited number of copies. In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format they are called post-prints. Some publishers, for example the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged. The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the Public Library of Science family of journals is another recent response to copyright concerns.
Exercise 16. Explain the following words and word-combinations from the texts.
Peer-reviewed paper journal, conventional paper journal, established electronic version, the assembly of a complete issue, scientific credit, to large for-profit publishing houses, site licenses, a print subscription, finee-aceess journal, author's rights.
Exercise 17. Write the main ideas of the text in ten sentences.
Exercise 18. Work in small groups and on the bases of the texts compose few “hints ” (rules) a future author should know before writing an article.
Exercise 19. Write a scientific article on the topic “Author’s rights and the way they care protected in our country ”.
Exercise 20. Scientific communication is impossible today without information exchange. Researchers often write letters to their colleagues asking to send Лет preprints or reprints of their papers. Below you find the form of such message.
Deer Sir/Madame,
I would greatly appreciate a reprint of your article, which appeared in: Journal of Molecular Structure # 4, April, 2010 (the title of the article)
Thank you in advance for your courtesy.
Sincerely Yours, Signature
Exercise 21. Internet is not only the valuable source of scientific information, but also of some tips that may be helpfulfor students. Here you can learn how to cram for a Big Test. Imagine that the big test is tomorrow, but you have not been studying. Uh-oh! Now you have to cram. It’s not the best way to study and be efficient, but you have no other choice, so:
find a quiet place and organize your study materials, textbooks and notes;
identify basic concepts that will be used in your test and try to concentrate on them;
estimate what you actually have time to do;
take some 5-10 min. breaks to conserve your energy; take a walk, have
a snack, and fresh air;
get a good night's sleep and fuel well in the a.m., fueling up will keep your nerves steady;
take a deep breath, smile and take the test;
do the best you can;
promise to change your study habits.
Divide into pairs to discuss your study habits. Share your know-how in this field with your friends, or as students are slanging “drop the bones
Supplementary Reading Practice fluent reading ofSupplementary Reading texts. Translate the texts. Use new words and expressions in sentences of your own. Practice asking questions on the texts and answering them in pairs.
Textl Getting There
As international political, economic and cultural relations develop, more and more people are beginning to travel abroad on business. There are several modes of travel - by land, by air and by sea. Before you go on an assignment abroad, you need to find out why you are going, where you are going, and what business travel arrangements should be made in advance to avoid all kinds of problems on the way and to make your business trip a success.
On arrival in the United Kingdom, for instance, a person must produce a valid national passport or other document satisfactorily establishing his/her identity and nationality and such information as may be required to establish whether he/she requires leave to enter the United Kingdom on request by the Immigration Officer (in Ukraine: 'Passport Control' Officer). It is important that your passport be valid for the duration of your stay in the country.
To enter Britain, Ukrainian nationals are required to have a visa. Contact the British Consulate in Kiev for detailed advice. You must be able to satisfy the Immigration Authorities (appropriate Consulate officials) that you have sufficient means of support to maintain and accommodate yourself without recourse to public funds during your stay in the United Kingdom and that you hold a valid return ticket to your own country or onward destination. No International Certificate of Vaccination is required
Arriving in Britain you are to go through Customs. Where Customs are operating a Green and Red channel system, go through the Green channel if you have nothing to declare over the customs allowances for overseas visitors; the Red channel - if you have goods to declare or if you are unsure of importation
icstnctkxK ll there is a Red Point facility instead of a Red and Green system щ \ou are unsure of importation restrictions or have goods to declare, or goods whi^ you intend 10 ka\r cr sell in the UK go to the Red Point For goods obtained d^ | and tax-free outside the EU, or on board a ship or aircraft, there are specif aUvMUDCSt
You must remember that the United Kingdom has severe penalties for drug qim^gghng Drug traffickers may try to trick travelers. Never carry luggage or parcds through customs for someone else.
On entering Britain, you are to fill in a landing card, while a filled-in customs declaration form is required both on departure from and arrival in Ukraine, unless you use the Green channel.
Notes: nationals - громадяни.
Text 2 Visa to Ukraine
For US citizens to enter Ukraine, a passport and visa are required. Visas can be nhamed in advance from the Embassy of Ukraine, located at 3350 M Street N.W_ Washington D.C. 20007. Visas can also be obtained from the Ukrainian Consulate in Chicago. A letter of invitation from a person, company, or одеша&сп in Ukraine or a tour company voucher is currently required to obtain a visa. Travelers from the United States and other countries where there is a Ukrainian Embassy or Consulate cannot obtain visas at airports or border crossings However, at present citizens of some European countries and of the USA can obtain visas at airports or border crossings. Travelers arriving without proper visas are denied entry into Ukraine. Americans are advised to obtain the required visa for Ukraine before departing the United States. All foreigners visiting Ukraine, except those staying less than three working days and minors (under 18), are required to register their passports with local law enforcement authorities. Visiters who do not register may experience delays when leaving Ukraine or difficulty when trying to extend visas. The registration requirement is automatically met when foreigners stay in hotels, when resident businesspersons register their companies, or when students register under established exchange programs. Private visitors must have their hosts, relatives, or landlords register their U.S. passport at foe local "Section of Visas and Registration” I Office of № Ministry of internal Afim (known by foe acronym "WIR" in Ukrainian). A is usually charged for visa extensions or passport registration. Travelers who і to visit Russia ftom Ukraine must also have a Russian visa,
Text3
Tickets
Tickets can be obtained from city ticket offices, authorized agents or ticket counters at airports. Airlines provide carriage only to the passenger named in the ticket and you may be required to produce appropriate identification. A ticket is not transferable. When a ticket has been issued by an airline or by its agent on the airline's behalf it is and remains at all times the property of the airline. When you purchase a ticket, you and the airline have entered into a contract that covers many different situations. Usually, a ticket is valid for one year from the date of commencement of travel or, if no portion of the ticket is used, for one year from the date of issue. The ticket will not be honored and will lose its validity if all the coupons are not used in the sequence provided in the ticket Fares apply only for carriage from the airport at the point of origin to the airport at the point of destination. Fares may change between the date you made your reservation and the date when the ticket is issued. In this case applicable fares are those in effect on the day the ticket was issued
Airlines usually will try to honor advance seating requests. But they do not guarantee any particular seat, even if your reservation is confirmed They reserve the right to assign or re-assign seats at any time. However, you can request a seat at the time of booking. Seats are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis and are subject to availability.
Onward or return reservations may be subject to the requirement to reconfirm the reservation within specified time limits.
Now, in the age of computers, airlines use e-tickets. An e-ticket is a paperless ticketing system, whereby the ticket is held in your airline database. Booking and payment are made in the usual way, however there is no paper ticket issued and therefore no ticket to collect at the airport Simply, you go straight to the self-service check-in machines or a conventional check-in desk But, while you don't receive a conventional paper ticket, you will receive a receipt and itinerary confirming your booking.
Notes:
A travel agent is a retailer, an intermediary between the prospective traveler and all the components of a trip. Agents book and sell airline, train, bus, and ship tickets. They reserve hotel rooms and arrange for ground transportation at the destination. They can also make restaurant reservations and obtain theater tickets. For these and other services they* are paid a commission by those whose wares they sell
