Lexicological analysis of the text

The text under consideration/analysis is presumably a passage from the article written in Standard English. I have not noticed any Americanisms or features pointing to other regional varieties of English. The style is literary, though the text contains an example of a word belonging to colloquial style: a drop-out.

I. ETYMOLOGY

From the point of view of etymology the text presents a certain interest. It abounds in borrowed words.

There are earlier Latin borrowings such as school, line, border, bridge, Latin-French borrowings table, fortune, there are also words borrowed by many languages which became international words: global, migration, political, liberalise.

Among French borrowings there are completely assimilated Norman-French borrowings which are not felt as such: e.g. rich, country, and later French borrowings that are not completely assimilated: phonetically: e.g. police; graphically and phonetically: journey, restaurant).

The word paper deserves a particular interest. It is derived from Fr. Papier, which, in its turn, comes from Lat. papyrus, and the latter was borrowed from Greek (Gr. Papyrus). Thus, the source of borrowing (the language from which the word was taken into English) is French, and the origin of borrowing (the language to which the word may be traced) is Greek.

………………… (borrowings from other languages are analysed in the same way).

As far as native words are concerned, I can name the following examples of native words of the common Germanic word-stock : fast, the cognate of which may be found in Gothic (G. fest), all, having cognates in Gothic (all) and Old Norwegian (ON allr), death, old, water, world, roads and many more.

…………………. (other groups of native words).

An instance of etymological doublets can be exemplified by the word road: there is a pair of etymological doublets in the text: road - raid.

II. MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF WORDS

For the morphemic analysis I have chosen the following words:

Most, nirvana – one-morphemic root words consisting of free morphemes,

Details - a two-morphemic word consisting of a root morpheme detail and a derivational morpheme –s, used to form plural

Analysis into the immediate constituents. /See example from the lecture/

( un - gentlemanly

Comparing the word with other utterances we recognize the morpheme un- as a negative prefix (compare unnatural, unfortunate, uncertain) and the morpheme gentlemanly. Thus at the first cut of the analysis we obtain the bound negative morpheme un- and the free morpheme gentlemanly. At the second cut we obtain the following immediate constituents: the noun stem gentleman- which occurs in other utterances and the suffix -ly with the meaning “having the quality of the person denoted by the stem” (compare womanly, masterly, soldierly). The third cut is an adjective stem gentle- (a similar pattern is observed in nobleman) and -man which may be classified as a semi-affix)

III. WORD BUILDING

Now I would like to analyse the ways of world building used in the text.

The word Impoverished is an affixational derivative consisting of four bound morphemes,- pover- is a derived stem, im- is a negative prefix of Romanic origin, -ish is a derivational verb-forming suffix, and –ed is a functional suffix.

Another example of an affixational derivative – youngster( a root morpheme young-, and a semi-affix having a derogatory meaning –ster).

High-school is a simple compound. There seem to be no examples of derivational compounds in the text under consideration.

There are also words formed by means of other ways of word formation:

Conversion : started – a start, rain – to rain, to clear – clear, to drop out - a drop-out, back –to back- the back

IV. SEMASIOLOGY

Let’s move on to the level of semasiology.

In the text the following examples of semantic change may be found:

Widening (table, paper), narrowing, degradation, amelioration of meaning .

There is also a case of a semantic transfer, it can be demonstrated at the example of … (metaphor, metonymy, etc.).

The text contains numerous polysemantic words:

Pool, papers, gap, good etc. Let’s consider lexico-semantic variants of the word table (стол, таблица, пища, плато, доска.)

As far as homonymy is concerned, I can give the following homonymic pairs : rain – reign; these are homophones, according to another classification - partial lexico-grammatical homonyms since they coincide only in some forms: compare the paradigms rain –rains- rain’s – rains’ and reign- reigns- reigning- reigned).

to tear –a tear (is to be analysed in the same way),.

In the text we can find the following synonyms: Decide – be desperate to. These are stylistic synonyms.

Gap – line – border. This is an example of ideographic synonyms.

Horrendous –terrible – horrible – awful. These are ideographic synonyms with a synonymic dominant awful. The synonymic pair horrendous – awful can serve as an example of stylistic synonyms (poetic - neutral).

Also: Strangers- immigrants – foreigners – newcomers, misfortune – trouble – difficulty- misery.