- •Фонетика
- •1. The articulatory classification of the English vowels.
- •2. The articulatory classification of the English consonants.
- •3. English word stress: notions, types, functions.
- •4. The syllable as an integral part of the word. Types of syllables in English.
- •5. Prosodic system of the English language/intonation.
- •Граматика
- •1. General characteristics of language as a semiotic communication system. Language functions. Language and speech.
- •2. Language as a structural system. Language levels.
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations.
- •4. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions.
- •5. The noun as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •6. The verb as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •7. General characteristics of syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •8. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group. The Noun phrase. TheVerb phrase.
- •9. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence.
- •Історія мови
- •1. Periods in the history of English. Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law.
- •Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800)
- •Late Modern English (1800-Present)
- •Verner's Law
- •1100-1500: The Middle English Period
- •Лексикологія
- •1. Etymological structure of the English vocabulary. Native and borrowed words, types of borrowings.
- •2. Latin and French borrowings in Modern English, their periodization and recognition.
- •3. Types of word meaning in English. Polysemy and its sources.
- •4. Morphological structure of a word. Immediate constituents’ analysis.
- •5. Productive ways of English word-formation: affixation, shortening, conversion, compounding.
- •7. Systemic relations in the English vocabulary. Groups of words in the lexicon. Neologisms, archaisms and international words.
- •8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
- •9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
- •Стилістика
- •1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
- •3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
- •5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
- •6. Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
Phraseological units (idioms) are stable word-groups characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning, lack of motivation.
Classification based on the semantic principle:
Fusions (completely non-motivated idiomatic word-groups: to bell the cat ("to take a risk for the good of others"), a white elephant (" a present one can't get rid of), once in a blue moon ("hardly at all" or "hardly ever"))
Half- fusions (stable word-groups in which the leading component is literal, while the rest of the group is idiomatically fused: to pay through the nose ("to pay unreasonably much"), to rain cats and dogs ("to rain heavily")
Unities (metaphorically motivated idioms)
Half-unities (binary word-groups in which one of the components is literal, while the other is phraseologically bound:black frost ("frost without ice or snow")
Phraseological collocations (groups with the components whose combinative power is strictly limited: to make friends (but not to do friends ).
Phraseological expressions (proverbs, sayings and aphoristic familiar quotations: Birds of a feather flock together (Лисий лисого бачить здалека)
The Koonin’s classification is the latest outstanding achievement in the Russian theory of phraseology. The classification is based on the combined structural - semantic principle and it also considers the quotient of stability of phraseological units. Koonin’s classification – structural and semantic:
- nominating PhUs: well and good;
- nominating-communicative PhUs (transformation in a sentence is possible): to beat the drum – the drum is beaten;
- neither nominating, nor communicatice PhUs: mostly interjectional combinations: Don’t be a goose! God damn!
- communicative PhUs (mostly proverbs, sayings, etc.): Can the leopard change its spots? If you want peace, be prepared for war.
Стилістика
1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
THE NOTIONS OF STYLE
Style is proper words in proper places (J. Swift)
Style is the art of speaking and writing clearly, correctly and with ease and grace (Chesterfield)
Style is the choice and disposition of words (Young)
Style is a contextually restricted linguistic variation (Enkvist)
Style is an emphasis (expressive, affective or aesthetic) added to the information conveyed by the linguistic structure (Riffaterre)
EXPRESSIVE MEANS
Phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactical forms which exist in the language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical, expressive, emotional intensification of the utterance are called EM
child, kid, youngster, tot;
In a paradigm, we are confronted with the language expressive potential called "expressive means” which are marked members of stylistic oppositions, having their invariant meaning in language. They are "those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance" (Galperin)
STYLISTIC DEVICES
SD are formed in speech thanks to linear, syntagmatic relations between speech units in a text or between stylistically marked and stylistically unmarked speech units
Kyiv Stylistics School define a SD as "an intentional change of a fixed (usual) distribution of language units in speech”.
Prof. I.R.Galperin: a SD is "a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model".