- •Фонетика
- •1. The articulatory classification of the English vowels.
- •2. The articulatory classification of the English consonants.
- •3. English word stress: notions, types, functions.
- •4. The syllable as an integral part of the word. Types of syllables in English.
- •5. Prosodic system of the English language/intonation.
- •Граматика
- •1. General characteristics of language as a semiotic communication system. Language functions. Language and speech.
- •2. Language as a structural system. Language levels.
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations.
- •4. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions.
- •5. The noun as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •6. The verb as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •7. General characteristics of syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •8. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group. The Noun phrase. TheVerb phrase.
- •9. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence.
- •Історія мови
- •1. Periods in the history of English. Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law.
- •Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800)
- •Late Modern English (1800-Present)
- •Verner's Law
- •1100-1500: The Middle English Period
- •Лексикологія
- •1. Etymological structure of the English vocabulary. Native and borrowed words, types of borrowings.
- •2. Latin and French borrowings in Modern English, their periodization and recognition.
- •3. Types of word meaning in English. Polysemy and its sources.
- •4. Morphological structure of a word. Immediate constituents’ analysis.
- •5. Productive ways of English word-formation: affixation, shortening, conversion, compounding.
- •7. Systemic relations in the English vocabulary. Groups of words in the lexicon. Neologisms, archaisms and international words.
- •8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
- •9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
- •Стилістика
- •1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
- •3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
- •5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
- •6. Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
Synonymy and antonymy are correlative and sometimes overlapping notions. Synonymous relationship of the denotational meaning is in many cases combined with the difference in the connotational (mainly stylistic) component.
Synonyms - words different in sound-form but similar in their denotational meaning or meanings and interchangeable at least in some contexts.
Antonyms - words different in sound-form characterized by different types of semantic contrast of the denotational meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts.
Synonyms are different words (or sometimes phrases) with identical or very similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from Ancient Greek syn ("with") and onoma ("name"). The words car and automobile are synonyms. Similarly, if we talk about a long time or an extended time, long and extended become synonyms.
Homonyms are two or more words which are identical in their sound form (or spelling) but different in meaning, distribution and sometimes origin. English abounds in homonyms (2540 words and word forms). This is because of the monosyllabic structure of the overwhelming majority of words in English and practically the lack of inflections.
1) According to their graphic form homonyms fall into three groups: homonyms proper ox perfect homonyms, homophones and homographs.
Homonyms proper are identical both in their sound form and spelling:
E. g. light 1 - opposite to dark; case1 - event;
light2 - opposite to heavy. case2 - bag;
case3 - grammatical category.
Homophones have the same sound form only but different meaning and spelling. This is the most numerous group:
E. g. the playwright on my right thinks it right that some conventional rite should symbolize the right of every to write as he pleases. Thus the sound cluster /r a i t/ is used here as four different parts of speech, has four different spellings and six different meanings.
Homographs are identical in spelling but different in sound form and meaning.
E. g. wind 1 and wind 2, lead 1 and lead2, row 1 (ряд) and row2 (скандал).
2) According to their grammatical structure homonyms are divided into full and partial.
Full homonyms have identical paradigm, i.e. they coincide in all their grammatical forms. E. g. seal] (печатка) and seal2 (морж).
Partial homonyms coincide only in some of their grammatical forms.
E. g. to lie 1 (to deceive smb.) and to lie 2 (лежати). Past. lied and lay.
3) According to the type of meaning that helps to differentiate between identical sound clusters we distinguish lexical, lexical-grammatical and grammatical homonyms.
Lexical homonyms differ in their lexical meaning: they are words of the same part of speech. E.g. case2 and case2.
Lexical-grammatical differ in both types of word meaning, they may belong to different parts of speech {seal and to seal) or to the same part of speech {found (past of find) and found (to set up); bore (past of bear) and bore).
Grammatical homonyms differ in their grammatical meaning, they are homonymous forms of the same word.
E.g. put-put, put.
The diachronic analysis of homonyms helps to establish the following main sources of homonymy in English:
Convergent sound development when two or more words accidentally coincide in the course of their historical development. E. g.
O.E. sunne - sun, lufu - N. love,
sunu - son. lufian - V. love.
There are some examples of this process among borrowings which coincided in their sound form with some native elements: E. g. match (Fr.) means сірник coincides with match (native) meaning матч; pale (Fr.) - блідий and pail (n.) – відро.
Conversion as a productive way of word formation in English: V. to broadcast, N. broadcast, etc.
Split of polysemy - when two meanings of a polysemantic unit move so far away from each other that they came to be associated with entirely different words.
E. g. air - повітря;
air - вигляд (to put on airs).