vk.com/id446425943
Key minerals for the energy transition
Cobalt production
Mine production
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Growth rate per annum |
Share |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thousand tonnes |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2018 |
2007-17 |
2018 |
Australia |
4.8 |
4.6 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
5.9 |
6.4 |
6.2 |
6.0 |
5.5 |
5.8 |
4.7 |
-19.0% |
2.0% |
3.0% |
Canada |
9.0 |
3.9 |
4.6 |
6.8 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
-4.9% |
-8.2% |
2.2% |
DR Congo |
42.5 |
56.1 |
84.0 |
99.5 |
86.4 |
76.6 |
76.5 |
84.4 |
69.0 |
90.3 |
111.7 |
23.7% |
13.5% |
70.7% |
Cuba |
4.0 |
4.6 |
4.8 |
5.1 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
4.5 |
-10.2% |
0.9% |
2.8% |
Madagascar |
– |
– |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
2.4 |
3.4 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
-2.8% |
– |
2.1% |
Morocco |
1.7 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
-8.9% |
3.4% |
1.5% |
New Caledonia |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
1.7 |
-40.7% |
2.2% |
1.1% |
Papua New Guinea |
– |
– |
– |
– |
0.5 |
1.0 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
-3.3% |
– |
2.0% |
Philippines |
1.2 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
4.6 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
-3.5% |
16.5% |
2.8% |
Russian Federation |
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.2 |
5.5 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
– |
-0.7% |
3.7% |
South Africa |
0.6 |
0.6 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
-4.3% |
14.4% |
1.4% |
Zambia |
4.6 |
5.9 |
8.6 |
7.7 |
5.4 |
5.9 |
4.6 |
3.0 |
5.0 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
– |
-3.6% |
2.0% |
Rest of World |
7.0 |
6.2 |
7.3 |
8.2 |
9.5 |
9.9 |
9.9 |
9.4 |
7.1 |
6.0 |
7.4 |
24.4% |
-2.0% |
4.7% |
Total World |
83.6 |
94.1 |
129.5 |
146.6 |
132.8 |
127.5 |
130.4 |
137.3 |
119.9 |
138.9 |
158.1 |
13.9% |
7.5% |
100.0% |
|
|
|
|
|
Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data. |
|||||||||
Lithium production
Mine production
Thousand tonnes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Growth rate per annum |
Share |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
of Lithium content |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2018 |
2007-17 |
2018 |
Argentina |
3.2 |
2.2 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
5.8 |
5.7 |
6.2 |
8.8% |
6.6% |
10.0% |
Australia |
6.7 |
5.5 |
8.5 |
11.7 |
12.7 |
10.1 |
12.4 |
11.9 |
14.0 |
21.3 |
27.2 |
27.5% |
12.0% |
44.0% |
Brazil |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
200.0% |
1.1% |
1.0% |
Chile |
11.0 |
6.0 |
10.4 |
13.6 |
13.9 |
11.7 |
12.0 |
10.9 |
15.2 |
15.0 |
16.0 |
6.6% |
2.7% |
25.9% |
China |
3.3 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
6.8 |
8.0 |
17.6% |
8.5% |
13.0% |
Portugal |
0.7 |
– |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
– |
3.4% |
1.3% |
US |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
– |
-5.0% |
1.5% |
Zimbabwe |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.6 |
100.0% |
10.3% |
2.6% |
Rest of World |
0.7 |
0.3 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
1.0 |
0.5 |
-50.0% |
– |
0.8% |
Total World |
27.7 |
19.8 |
28.2 |
35.0 |
36.6 |
31.9 |
32.2 |
30.7 |
39.8 |
52.5 |
61.8 |
17.6% |
6.6% |
100.0% |
Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data.
Natural graphite production
Mine production
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Growth rate per annum |
Share |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thousand tonnes |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2018 |
2007-17 |
2018 |
Brazil1 |
80.5 |
59.4 |
92.4 |
105.2 |
88.1 |
91.9 |
87.0 |
75.1 |
85.0 |
85.0 |
95.0 |
11.8% |
1.0% |
10.6% |
Canada |
27.0 |
15.0 |
20.0 |
25.0 |
24.0 |
20.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
40.0 |
40.0 |
– |
3.6% |
4.5% |
China |
650.0 |
450.0 |
700.0 |
800.0 |
820.0 |
750.0 |
780.0 |
780.0 |
780.0 |
625.0 |
630.0 |
0.8% |
-2.4% |
70.3% |
India2 |
117.8 |
124.6 |
115.7 |
153.3 |
134.7 |
146.4 |
116.7 |
134.6 |
122.4 |
35.0 |
35.0 |
– |
-14.7% |
3.9% |
Madagascar |
4.9 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
4.3 |
5.3 |
8.1 |
9.2 |
8.2 |
9.0 |
9.4% |
4.4% |
1.0% |
Mexico |
7.2 |
5.1 |
6.6 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
9.2 |
6.5 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
– |
-9.0% |
0.4% |
Mozambique |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
0.3 |
20.0 |
6566.7% |
– |
2.2% |
Russian Federation |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
15.9 |
19.4 |
25.2 |
17.0 |
-32.5% |
6.1% |
1.9% |
Sri Lanka |
6.6 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
– |
-10.7% |
0.3% |
Ukraine |
11.3 |
4.3 |
2.8 |
0.6 |
4.6 |
6.9 |
13.8 |
14.5 |
14.6 |
14.9 |
14.9 |
– |
3.4% |
1.7% |
Zimbabwe |
5.1 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
7.0 |
6.0 |
4.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
6.0 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
26.6% |
-11.6% |
0.2% |
Rest of World |
40.7 |
58.5 |
24.7 |
25.2 |
49.7 |
51.6 |
37.1 |
22.8 |
21.6 |
22.9 |
25.8 |
12.6% |
-4.7% |
2.9% |
Total World |
965.2 |
740.0 |
987.4 |
1144.6 |
1155.8 |
1099.3 |
1104.1 |
1098.7 |
1095.2 |
865.0 |
895.6 |
3.5% |
-3.0% |
100.0% |
1Including. beneficiated and directly shipped material.
2Run of the mine.
Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data.
Rare earth metals production
Mine production
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Growth rate per annum |
Share |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thousand tonnes1 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2018 |
2007-17 |
2018 |
Australia |
– |
– |
– |
2.2 |
3.2 |
1.3 |
6.2 |
11.9 |
13.9 |
17.3 |
18.6 |
7.5% |
– |
11.1% |
Brazil |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
1.6 |
0.3 |
– |
0.9 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
-41.2% |
10.2% |
0.6% |
China |
125.0 |
129.0 |
89.2 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
105.0 |
105.0 |
105.0 |
105.0 |
120.0 |
14.3% |
-1.3% |
72.0% |
India |
† |
† |
– |
– |
– |
0.3 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
20.0% |
45.6% |
1.1% |
Malaysia |
0.1 |
† |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
11.1% |
-7.2% |
0.1% |
Russian Federation |
2.5 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
– |
|
1.6% |
Thailand |
n/a |
4.0 |
5.6 |
3.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
1.9 |
0.8 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
-23.1% |
– |
0.6% |
US |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3.0 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
5.9 |
– |
– |
15.0 |
– |
– |
9.0% |
Rest of World |
– |
– |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
– |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
6.4 |
2460.0% |
– |
3.8% |
Total World |
128.1 |
135.1 |
97.0 |
101.3 |
104.2 |
103.0 |
122.6 |
128.3 |
127.8 |
129.9 |
166.7 |
28.3% |
0.5% |
100.0% |
1Thousand. tonnes of rare earth oxide equivalent.
†Less than 0.05.Less than 0.05%. n/a not available.
Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data.
58 |
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 |
vk.com/id446425943
Reserves of key minerals
Cobalt reserves
|
At end of |
|
|
Thousand tonnes |
2018 |
Share |
R/P ratio |
Australia |
1200 |
18.3% |
255 |
Canada |
250 |
3.8% |
71 |
Democratic Republic of Congo |
3400 |
51.8% |
30 |
Cuba |
500 |
7.6% |
112 |
Madagascar |
140 |
2.1% |
42 |
Morocco |
17 |
0.3% |
7 |
New Caledonia |
64 |
1.0% |
39 |
Papua New Guinea |
56 |
0.9% |
18 |
Philippines |
280 |
4.3% |
63 |
Russian Federation |
250 |
3.8% |
42 |
South Africa |
24 |
0.4% |
11 |
Zambia |
270 |
4.1% |
83 |
Rest of World* |
118 |
1.8% |
16 |
Total World |
6569 |
100.0% |
42 |
Natural graphite reserves
|
At end of |
|
|
Thousand tonnes |
2018 |
Share |
R/P ratio |
Brazil |
72000 |
23.5% |
758 |
Canada |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
China |
73000 |
23.8% |
116 |
India |
8000 |
2.6% |
229 |
Madagascar |
1600 |
0.5% |
178 |
Mexico |
3100 |
1.0% |
808 |
Mozambique |
17000 |
5.5% |
850 |
Russian Federation |
14800 |
4.8% |
871 |
Sri Lanka |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
Ukraine |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
Zimbabwe |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
Rest of World* |
117200 |
38.2% |
4548 |
Total World |
306700 |
100.0% |
342 |
Lithium reserves
|
At end of |
|
|
Thousand tonnes |
2018 |
Share |
R/P ratio |
Argentina |
2000 |
14.4% |
323 |
Australia |
2700 |
19.4% |
99 |
Brazil |
54 |
0.4% |
90 |
Chile |
8000 |
57.5% |
500 |
China |
1000 |
7.2% |
125 |
Portugal |
60 |
0.4% |
75 |
US |
35 |
0.3% |
39 |
Zimbabwe |
70 |
0.5% |
44 |
Rest of World* |
– |
– |
– |
Total World |
13919 |
100.0% |
225 |
*Rest of World is the sum of only recorded reserves.Less than 0.05%.
n/a not available.
Rare earth metals reserves
|
At end of |
|
|
Thousand tonnes |
2018 |
Share |
R/P ratio |
Australia |
3400 |
2.9% |
183 |
Brazil |
22000 |
18.8% |
22000 |
China |
44000 |
37.7% |
367 |
India |
6900 |
5.9% |
3833 |
Malaysia |
30 |
|
150 |
Russian Federation |
17019 |
14.6% |
6303 |
Thailand |
n/a |
n/a |
n/a |
US |
1400 |
1.2% |
93 |
Rest of World* |
22000 |
18.8% |
3438 |
Total World |
116749 |
100.0% |
701 |
Source (for all tables): includes data from US Geological Survey.
Cobalt prices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lithium carbonate prices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Thousands of US dollars per tonne* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thousands of US dollars per tonne† |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
01 |
02 |
03 |
04 |
05 |
06 |
07 |
08 |
09 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
0 |
01 |
02 |
03 |
04 |
05 |
06 |
07 |
08 |
09 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
0 |
|
*
2000-2012 spot grade for cathodes, source US Geological Survey. 2013-2018 minimum purity 99.8%, source London Metal Exchange. †2000-2008 unit value, data series 140, source US Geological Survey.
2009-2018 FOB South America, source Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 |
59 |