Participle II as attribute

Participle II usually functions either as premodifier when it stands alone (a) or forms a very short participial phrase containing an adverb (b). The verbal character of the participle in the first case is made clear only by its lexical meaning:

a) First of all she went to the bombed building.

b) Our minds should meet in a serious, mutually needed search for common understandings.It was a neatly written letter.

Sometimes the preposition is kept: The room even had a faint perfume about it which gave it a lived-in air.

As a postmodifier participle II manifests its verbal character more explicitly, even when it stands alone. It may be accompanied by a preposition, by an agentive by-object, an adverb and prepositional phrases as adverbial modifiers.

Things seen are mightier than things heard. The dictionary referred to is to be found in our library.

These are cities inhabited by their creators. Two women dimly seen in the shadow are talking softly.

When participle П or a participial phrase is detached, its position is not fixed. It may occupy the initial position, the mid-position or the final position in the sentence. Detached attributes are separated from the noun by a comma in writing and by a pause in speech. They are confined to literary style only.

Greatly excited, the children followed her into the garden. Johnson, left in charge of both officers, marched about for a little while.

BORING or BORED?

♦ Present and past participles can be used as adjectives. The present participle (-ing) describes what somebody or something is (it answers the question ‘What kind?'). The past participle (-ed) describes how somebody feels (it answers the question 'How do you feel?'). e.g. It was an embarrassing situation.(What kind of situation?Embarrassing.)He was embarrassed.(How did he feel? Embarrassed.)

Participle as object Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.

THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION WITH PARTICIPLE I consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case and participle I forming a syntactical complex, in which the two components are in a predicative relationship. Since the construction always follows transitive verbs, its syntactical function is that of a complex object. The nominal element usually refers to a person or a thing different from that demoted by the subject of the sentence.

Eg. I saw John/him playing tennis.

It's usually translated into Russian by a subordinate clause. (Я видел, как он играл теннис)

If it refers to the same person as the subject, a reflexive pronoun is to be used as in:

He heard himself uttering the words.

It is mainly used with-verbs:

1. With verbs of sense perception: see, hear, feel, find, watch, notice, smell, observe Eg. I can smell something burning.

Note: Some of the verbs followed by the objective participial construction occur with the objective infinitival construction. The difference between these two constructions concerns the meaning suggested by an infinitive or participle I, the former emphasizes the fact of an action being completed, the latter its processual character.:

I saw the car stop at the garage. – Я видел что машина остановилась у ворот.

I saw the car stopping. – Я видел как машина остановилась у ворот.

If the homogenuous infinitives are used, they denote two actions in succession. If two participles I are homogeneous, they suggest two simultaneous actions.

I heard him leave the room and lock the door.- Я слышал, как он вышел из комнаты и запер её.

Soames saw Bossinney watching her and smiling to himself. Сомс увидел что Боссини наблюдал за ней и улыбался.

2. of causative meaning: to have, to get, to make, keep, set ... Don't keep me waiting!

3. of wish: want, like Eg. I don't like you leaving so early.

THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION WITH PARTICIPLE II consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case and participle II forming a syntactical complex, in which the 2 components are in a predicative relationship. The construction functions as a complex object to transitive verbs. It is mainly used with verbs:

a) of causative meaning: to have, to get, to make

eg. You must have your photo taken. I'll get our tickets registered. I'll make myself understood.

Note: Beside the causative meaning suggesting inducement, sentences with the verb to have may occasionally express experience or possession, participle II emphasizing the resulting state as in:

The patient had an arm broken.

2. of physical perception: see, hear, feel, find Eg. We found the door locked.

3. of wish: to wish, want, like, prefer eg. I want the answer sent at once.

NOTES: INFINITIVE OR PARTICIPLE I?

(See somebody do or see somebody doing?)

A. Study this example situation: Tom got into his car and drove away. You saw this. You can say:

* I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.

In this structure we use get/drive/do etc. (infinitive without 'to'): Somebody did something + I saw this = I saw somebody do something. Note that we use the infinitive without to:

* We saw them go out. (not 'to go') But after a passive ('they were seen') etc., we use to: * They were seen to go out.

B. Study this example situation:Yesterday you saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus. You can say: * I saw Ann waiting for a bus.

In this structure we use ~ing (waiting): Somebody was doing something + I saw this = I saw somebody doing something.

C. Study the difference in meaning between the two structures:

'I saw him do something' = he did something (past simple) and I saw this. I saw the complete action from beginning to end:

* He fell off the wall. I saw this. - I saw him fall off the wall.* The accident happened. Did you see this? - Did you see the accident happen?

'I saw him doing something' = he was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw him when he was in the middle of doing it. This does not mean that I saw the complete action:

* He was walking along the street. + I saw this when I drove past in my car. = I saw him walking along the street.

Sometimes the difference is not important and you can use either form:* I've never seen her dance. or I've never seen her dancing.

D. We use these structures with see and hear, and a number of other verbs:

* I didn't hear you come in. * Liz suddenly felt something touch her on the shoulder.* Did you notice anyone go out?* I could hear it raining.* The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.* Listen to the birds singing!* Can you smell something burning?

Use either the infinitive or Participle I: HOMEWORK

climb come crawl cry cycle explode happen open run say slam sleep tell sing

1. Listen to the birds …2. I didn't hear you … in.3. Did anybody see the accident …?4. We listened to the old man … his story from beginning to end.5. Listen! Can you hear a baby …?6. I looked out of the window and saw Tim on his bike … . along the road.

7. 'Why did you turn round suddenly?' 'I thought I heard somebody … my name.'8. We watched the two men … across the garden … a window and … through it into the house.9. Everybody heard the bomb … It was a tremendous noise.10. Oh! I can feel something … up my leg! It must be an insect.11. I heard somebody … the door in the middle of the night. It woke me up.12. When we got home, we found a cat … on the kitchen table.

COMPLEX OBJECT WITH PARTICIPLE II(CAUSATIVE; CONSTRUCTION ‘have something done’)

1. Study this example situation:

The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job. Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn't repair it herself.

We use ‘have something done’ to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us.

Compare:* Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)

* Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

Study these sentences: * Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?

* 'Are you going to repair the car yourself?' 'No, I'm going to have it repaired.'

N.B! Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object (the roof your hair etc.):

have + object + past participle

	have +	object +	past participle
Bill	had	the roof	repaired	yesterday.
Where did you	have	your hair	done?
We are	having	the house	painted	right now.
Tom has just	had	a telephone	installed	in his house.
How often do you	have	your car	serviced?
Why don't you	have	that coat	cleaned?
I want to	have	my picture	taken.

*Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. *Where did you have your hair cut? *Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?

*Julia has just had central heating installed in her house. *We are having the house painted at the moment. *How often do you have your car serviced?*I think you should have that coat cleaned soon.* I don't like having my photograph taken.

B. You can also say 'get something done' instead of 'have something done' (mainly in informal spoken English):

* When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired) * I think you should get your hair cut.

C. Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. * Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.

Of course this does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money. 'They had all their money stolen' means only: 'All their money was stolen from them.'With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice:* George had his nose broken in a fight. * Have you ever had your passport stolen?