1. Give the names for nationalities of the following countries, filling in the gaps of the table.

2. In pairs discuss characteristic traits of people of different nationalities.

Ex.: A. The Spaniards are more suntanned and talkative than the Finns.

B. Oh, yes. But if you meet a person, you can’t tell a Finn from, for

example, a Norwegian during the first minutes of the talk.

Country	A representative	The people
Brazil	a ……………………	the ……………………
Spain
Poland
Ukraine
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Holland
France
China
England
Scotland
Wales
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
Israel
Switzerland
Iraq
Japan
Finland

Making countable

Exercise 7. 18.

Uncountable nouns can become countable if you use them with certain quantifiers.

1. Translate the nouns in the box. Which of them denote:

A. containers for liquid? B. containers for solid matter? C. parts of material?

2. Match parts a and b in the sentences below.

cube bar slice sheet jar bottle piece box pot jug chunk splash wisp tube drop pinch sip lump pack can tin canister blade strip grain heap pile etc.

A

B

1. I saw……a blade of………grass. 2. Have you got ………… chocolate? 3. Can I have ………… bread, please? 4. We need ……… paper. 5. Buy me ……… soap, please! 6. We need ……… jam for the cake. 7. Buy me ……… milk, please! 8. Have you got ………… matches? 9. I’ve made ……… tea. 10. Buy ……… toothpaste. 11. Add ……… hot water, please. 12. I’ve drunk ……… tea. 13. Add a ……… soda, please! 14. I can see ……… smoke in the distance. 15. There is a ……… rubbish in the back yard. 16. A chair is ……… furniture. 17. I’d like ……… ice.

a. a wisp of b. a cube of c. a splash of d. a box of e. a sip of f . a tube of g. a blade of h. a bar of i. slice of j. a pinch of k. a pack of l. a jar of m. a heap of n. an article of o. a pot of p. a cake of q. a bottle of

Exercise 7. 19.

Groups of objects of the same type or people doing the same work have certain names. Use the nouns denoting such names in the sentences below.

bunch swarm crew herd team committee

flock pack bundle staff family government

1. The President suggested the ……………. that they should bring the situation under control together.

2. He was looking for a ……….of his keys, but with no success.

3. The ……………. was enjoying their after-dinner coffee.

4. A…………..of big birds was circling above the broken car.

5. A …. ………of wolves was seen near the village.

6. School psychologists don’t belong to the teaching ………………., though their work is rather important for teachers.

7. The smell of honey attracted a …………………….of wasps .

8. A ……………….of dirty laundry was lying on the floor.

9. The parliament……………… had their meeting on Tuesday, but didn’t come to the common decision.

10. There was a large …………. of elephants standing on their way.

11. All of us are fast runners, so our ……………. is going to win.

12. The …………….of this airplane started working together five years ago.

Reference to Gender

Exercise 7.20. Pronouns he or she may sometimes substitute nouns if you want:

• to speak about pets;

• to speak about forces of nature or other common nouns in fairy-tales;

• to speak about one’s cars, bikes, etc.;

• to speak about one’s boats and ships;

• to speak about countries, cities (only she).

Mind that: the names of countries are replaced by the pronoun it if a geographical description is meant; the names of the ancient cities and cities-states are also replaced by the pronoun she; Міста-побратими = sister cities; A computer may be referred to as “he”.

A. Insert he, she or it pronouns in the required form into the following sentences.

1. Mr. Merdock was the captain of the “Titanic”. He took … to sea for the first time.

2. Before the dam was built there was a flourishing sardine industry in the Nile Delta, where … flows into the Mediterranean.

3. The glory of Detroit’s industries, … majesty the automobile.

4. According to a mythological legend Greece and … genius were creators of Magna Grecia.

5. Portugal has proved that … is an excellent organizer of international events – Expo 98, for example, and the tennis Masters in 2000.

6. England is proud of … poets.

7. This year Israel is celebrating … anniversary.

8. These in turn get back into the river and pollute … .

9. I love my car. … (the car) is my greatest passion.

10. France is popular with … (France's) neighbours at the moment.

11. Is Wales only famous for … history and tradition?

12. Hundreds of thousands of tourists visit Wales every year for its countryside, historic buildings or … famous cities.

13. I travelled from England to New York on the Queen Elizabeth, … is a great ship.

14. Greenland is often badly treated by mapmakers, who, the Los Angeles Times says,

"glaze … with white, and move on without citing … villages or capturing the curves

of … coast, … broad glacial surface".

15. The town mouse was a very superior mouse, who thought that living in the town was far better than living the country. So one day, … invited his country cousin to stay with … in … town house and experience the civilized lifestyle of the town. “Don’t worry,” said the town mouse, “that’s just my neighbour - the dog, … wants to join us for dinner.”

16. Rivers: what do they mean to you? Anyone who has ever lived beside one and gone for walks along … bank, swum in … , gone fishing, taken a boat or just looked down on … from a bridge, knows differently.

17. Athens appealed to … enemy.

18. Babylon, the mother of all sins, … was fallen because of … sins.

19. Rome set up … province in Sicily in 241 B.C.

20. Oxford did not feel in the least at home with such people as Huxley. In fact … felt

rather desperately at bay between past and future.

21. The shadow looming over Venice’s greatness was that of … greatness itself.

22. Iceland is famous for … geyser fields.

23. Prague was gazing out of ... windows smiling happily at …self.

B. Write a short essay about your pets or a fairy-tale about forces of nature (200 words).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 7.21. Grammatical gender barely concerns nouns in English. It is mostly expressed by means of lexical equivalents, suffixation, prefixation or compound nouns.

Consider the means of expressing gender and supply the table with examples of your own.

Means	Examples
1. Contrasting nouns describing people	1. Bachelor – spinster, …
2. Contrasting nouns describing animals	2. Dog – bitch, …
3. Suffixes indicating female gender	3. Poet – poetess, hero – heroine, usher – usherette, …
4. Prefixes indicating female gender	4. He-goat – she-goat, …
5.Compound nouns	5. Landlord – landlady, policeman – policewoman, bridegroom – bride, …
6. Attributive expressions*	6. Woman wrestler, male nurse, boy friend, …

* If possible, try to use gender-neutral expressions to avoid sexism.

Exercise 7.22.