15. The difference between bilingual communication and translation.

People learning two languages from birth achieve the same basic milestones (e.g., their first word) as monolinguals do, but they may use different strategies for language acquisition. Although bilinguals tend to have smaller vocabularies in each language than do children who know one language, bilinguals may have an advantage when it comes to certain nonverbal cognitive tasks.  Bilinguals tend to perform better than monolinguals on exercises that require blocking out distractions and switching between two or more different tasks..

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.^[1] Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.^[3]Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations. Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation).^[5] The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization.^[6] Translation studies deal with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of translation.

16. Helpful tools in coping with ambiguity of messages.

17. Definition of translation as an object of linguistic study in terms process and outcome.

18. The definitions of languages translated from and into.

19. Stages of the translation process.

ANALYSIS – the first stage of the translation procedure involves the careful analysis of the source text in order to anticipate any difficulties that might arise during the translation process. The aim of this stage is to prepare the project so that its realisation is smooth and problem-free.

The documents are analysed with the use of CAT tools, which further aid the translation process. These tools assess the project volume and search for repeats, which are fragments of text that are identical or similar to the ones in previously translated documents for this particular client. In the case of such segments being found, it is crucial to retain their consistency and coherence with the previously translated documents. Such analysis enables a precise valuation of the project and quick preparation of all the reference materials for the translators. We guarantee the smooth realisation of the project, selection of the most appropriate team, maintenance of the highest text quality and precise forecasts of the costs and time that are required for the project’s completion. 

REALISATION – the analysed documents are sent at this stage to the translators along with detailed instructions regarding the project. The completed translation is then verified in terms of quality and terminology by an experienced proofreader, who possesses not only excellent language skills, but also deep subject knowledge. The following aspects of the text are verified: grammar, style, spelling, and language accuracy. Following this stage, layout design, additional proofreading and other stages may take place before the project is completed.

The crucial part of the realisation stage is selecting the best team for the job. Out of over 2,000 translators cooperating with LIDO-LANG, we always choose the ones who have the best qualifications and experience in the field of the translated texts. 

FINAL CONTROL – this is the closing stage of the translation process, which aims to provide for the ultimate verification of all the translated documents. It includes a detailed control of text completeness, graphic design, file type and any other special requirements of the customer. This stage is significant as it guarantees the client that the document was completed in strict accordance with their specific expectations.