31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

Despite the vast devastation the nature on Mt. St. Helen's slopes returned to life quicker than expected.

a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3

32. After cataclysmic eruption everything that had been pristine beauty only

hours before lay in total devastation.

a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

What does the Mt. St Helens area look like today?

1. Nature has not proven to be very resilient.

2. Nature has made a surprising recovery.

3. The land is as devastated as it was the day of the eruption. d)There is undergrowth but no trees.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

a) There still exist active volcanoes that can turn the areas of the pristine nature into the cauldrons of devastation.

b) A century of volcanic inactivity had made Washingtonians complacent.

3. Mt. St Helens was one of the most beautiful mountains in the Northwest, having been called the Fujiyama of America.

4. Mt. St Helens exploded with the force of 10 million tons of TNT at 8,30 a.m. throwing nature into upheaval.

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|7i ПВОЧИТвЙте текст и выполните задания. Л

THE HISTORY OF GEODESY

1. Throughout history, the shape of the Earth has been debated by scientists and philosophers. By 500 B.C. most scholars thought the Earth was completely spherical. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is credited as the first person to try and calculate the size of the Earth by determining the length around its equator. He estimated this distance to be 400,000 stades (a stadia is a Greek measurement equaling about 600 feet). With one mile equal to 5,280 feet, Aristotle calculated the distance around the Earth to be about 45,500 miles.

2. As technology developed, scientists and surveyors began to use different techniques to measure distance. In the 16^th and 17^th centuries, triangulation started to be used widely. Triangulation is a method of determining the position of a fixed point by measuring the angles to it from two other fixed points that a known distance apart. Triangulation formed the basis for many geodetic surveys.

3. At the end of the 16^th century, the Royal Society in London and the L'Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris were founded. The French argued that the Earth was shaped like an egg. The English, using Sir Isaac Newton universal theory of gravity and the knowledge that the Earth spun around its axis, thought that the Earth was oblate (была сплющена у полюсов), or flattened at the poles. To prove their idea, the Academy in Paris staged two expeditions one to Peru (now Ecuador) at the equator, and the other to the border of Sweden and Finland in the northern hemisphere. The Academy's efforts proved that Newton was right. The Earth is flattened into the shape of an oblate sphere.

4. During the last 100 years, geodesy and its applications have advanced tremendously. The 20^th century brought space-based technology, making geodetic measurements extremely precise. Today, NAVSTAR Global Positioning System satellites allow scientists to measure changes in the Earth's surface to the centimetre.

Определите, является ли утверждение

Jn ancient times scientists measured the shadow the sun cast at different times of the day to define the shape of the Earth.

а) истинным b) ложным с) в тексте нет информации

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28. For its measurements triangulation needs three points and an angle.

а) ложным b). в тексте нет информации с) истинным

29. Modern technologies make it possible for scientists to measure even the slightest changes in the Earth's surface.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

30. The shape of the Earth has never been the question to be discussed by philosophers.

а) ложным b) в тексте нет информации с) истинным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

A long procedure of transforming one measurement into another is presented.

a) 4 b)2 c)l d)3

32. The shape of the Earth is defined at last.

a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

Why was it so difficult to determine the Earth's shape?

1. Scientists and surveyors didn't know how to measure distance properly.

2. Before the 16^,h century scientists had no idea of triangulation.

3. Scientists needed a lot of theoretical knowledge and developed technologies to conduct such measurements.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Technological progress makes it possible to solve the problems which couldn't be solved before.

2. To measure distance precisely various techniques are to be used.

3. Without Mathematics Geodesy would not exist as a science.

4. It is impossible to study the Earth if you don't have an opportunity to travel around it.

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