27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

RECYCLING

1. Recycling is the reprocessing of materials into new products. Recycling generally prevents the waste of potentially useful materials, reduces the consumption of raw materials and reduces energy hence greenhouse gas emissions, compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key concept of modern waste management.

2. Recyclable materials, also called "recyclables", may originate from a wide range of sources including the home and industry. They include glass, paper, aluminium, asphalt, iron, textiles and plastics. Biodegradable waste, such as food waste or garden waste, is also recyclable with the assistance of micro-organisms through composting or anaerobic digestion. Recyclables are sorted and separated into material types. Their contamination with other materials must be prevented to increase the recyclables' value and facilitate easier reprocessing for the ultimate recycling facility. The sorting can be performed either by the producer of the waste or within semi- or fully-automated facilities.

3. Recycling is beneficial in two ways: it reduces the inputs (energy and raw materials) to a production system and reduces the amount of waste produced for disposal.

Some materials like aluminium can be recycled indefinitely as there is no change to the materials. Recycling aluminium saves 95% of the energy cost of processing new aluminium because the melting temperature is reduced from 900° С to 600° C. It is by far the most efficient material to recycle. Other recycled materials like paper require a percentage of wood fibres to be added to compensate for the degradation of existing fibres.

4. If the resources being processed are purer, less energy is needed to process them and less energy is needed to transport from the place of extraction. This reduces the environmental, social, and usually the economic costs of manufacturing. The maximum environmental benefit is gained by reducing the amount of waste produced and reusing items in their current form such as refilling bottles.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Waste processing cuts the costs of product manufacturing.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

70

28. Biodegrading is a kind of waste recycling.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

29. Wastes sorting for further processing is done only by the materials recycling facilities.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

30. Iron and steel are the world's most recyclable materials.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

The types of recyclables are numerous.

a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 1

32. Materials differ in the degree of being beneficial.

. a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is recycling a key concept of modern waste management?

1. Because it accelerates consumption of raw materials.

2. Because it presupposes managing new manufacturing facilities.

c) Because it reduces economic and environmental ill-effects of production.

d) Because much energy is required to process wastes.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Recycling is a significant way of receiving environmental, social and economic benefits.

2. Recyclables should be sorted into material types.

3. Aluminium doesn't change its properties while processed.

4. Contamination of wastes with other materials must be prevented to make the reprocessing easier.

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27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

VITAMINS AND PROVITAMINS

1. Vitamin is any of several organic substances that usually are separated into water-soluble and fat-soluble groups. The substances commonly known as vitamins are diverse in chemical structure and function. Originally defined as organic compounds obtainable is a normal diet and capable of maintaining life, vitamins are distinct from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in function, as well as in the quantities in which organisms require them. If a vitamin is absent from the diet, a specific deficiency disease may develop.

2. The term vitamin originated from vitamine, a word first used in 1911 to designate a group of compounds considered vital for life; each was thought to have a nitrogen-containing component known as an amine. The final e of vitamine was dropped when it was discovered that not all are amines. The term "accessory food factor" sometimes is used instead of vitamin to refer to these substances.

3. Since they generally cannot be synthesized by an animal and must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source, vitamins are called essential nutrients. Vitamin С can be synthesized by some organisms in sufficient amounts so that the dietary requirement is eliminated, vitamin С usually is considered a vitamin, however, because it must be included in the diet of man. Vitamins are distinct from many other compounds, which although indispensable for a proper animal functions, can be synthesized in adequate quantities.

4. A provitamin is similar in structure to a specific vitamin and can be converted to it by a few metabolic reactions. Antivitamins are compounds that prevent the normal function of certain vitamins. Antivitamins may act by binding a vitamin, by destroying a vitamin, or by inhibiting the coenzyme function of a vitamin.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)

Определите, является ли утверждение

Vitamin and provitamin are similar in chemical structure.

а) истинным b) ложным с) в тексте нет информации

72

_i

28. The term "vitamin" was originated from the word meaning "important for life".

а) ложным b) в тексте нет информации с) истинным

29. Vitamin С participates in some enzyme-catalysed reactions.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

30. Vitamins are synthesized by a man in sufficient amount.

а) ложным b) в тексте нет информации с) истинным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

Vitamins are different in their structures.

a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 1

32. Vitamins can be destroyed by some compounds.

a) 3 b) 1 c) 2 d) 4

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is vitamin С treated as a vitamin?

1. It is distinct from other organic compounds.

2. It cannot be synthesized by a man.

3. It is a water-soluble substance.

4. It should be included in a diet.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Anti vitamins prevent normal functions of vitamins and destroy them.

2. There exist water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

3. Not all vitamins are amines.

4. Being essential for human health vitamins should be obtainable from the diet and other sources.

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27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

CATACLYSMIC ERUPTION

1. May 18, 1980, dawned clear and cool in the Cascades, but it would pass into the history as a momentous day when cataclysmic eruption of Mt. St. Helens turned a vast area of the pristine Washington countryside into a cauldron of devastation. Mt. St. Helens was one of the most beautiful mountains in the Northwest, having been called the Fujiyama of America, but it was also and still remains, the most active volcano in the Cascade Range.

2. A century of volcanic inactivity had made Washington complacent. However, beneath the tranquil sylvan paradise, molten magma was slowly rising to the surface of the earth, eventually forming a mushroom-shaped lava dome that exploded with the force of 10 million tons of TNT at 8,30 a.m., throwing nature into upheaval. The 1980 eruption of Mt. St Helens of Mt. St Helens was the deadliest and most destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.

3. A hot plume of ash and debris rose 65,000 feet into the sky, turning day into night. Billowing, hot molten rock avalanches swept down the flanks of the mountain, moving down everything in their paths. Spirit Lake boiled, and rivers turned back. On the slopes great swaths of trees were blown away from the mountain and tossed in heaps. Fires burned everywhere. In the aftermath, what had been pristine beauty only hours before lay in total devastation? The crest of the mountain had been completely blown away and a thick carpet of ash covered the landscape.

4. Trees were strewn about like toothpicks/ There were no signs of life. Most people believed that decades, even centuries, would pass before the land would recover. However, nature proved to be far more resilient than expected. The return of life, both plant and animal, was remarkable, and today undergrowth carpets the ground and wildlife is abundant. A forest of young trees graces the slopes and valleys below the volcano, and a delicate and serene beauty has returned once more to this vast wilderness area.

(http.J/en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mt. St. Helens)

Определите, является ли утверждение

Mt. St. Helens was also called the Fujiyama of America because of its beauty.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

74

28. Before the eruption Washington ians were not concerned about the cataclysm at all.

а) ложным b) в тексте нет информации с) истинным

29. When Mt. St. Helens exploded, the earth cracked and formed a new valley.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

30. Mt. St Helens had been inactive for two hundred years.

а) ложным b) в тексте нет информации с) истинным