27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

1. The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a term that comprises all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth or some part of it. This term includes a few key components:

• complete landscape units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all plants, animals, rocks, etc. and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries;

• universal natural resources and phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water and climate4

• natural features which occur within areas heavily influenced by man (such as wild birds in urban gardens).

2. "Natural environment" that underlies environmentalism is a broad political, social and philosophical movement that advocates various actions and policies in the interest of protecting what nature remains in the natural environment, or restoring or expanding the role of nature in this environment.

3. Goals commonly expressed by environmentalists include reduction and clean up of man-made pollution, with future goals of zero pollution; reducing societal consumption of non-renewable fuels; development of alternative, green, low-carbon or renewable energy sources; conservation and sustainable use of scarce resources; protection of unique ecosystems; preservation and expansion of threatened or endangered species or ecosystems from extinction; and, most generally, the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems upon which all human and other life on earth depends.

4. More recently, there has been a strong concern about climate change such as global warming caused by anthropogenic releases of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide and their interactions with humans and the natural environment. Efforts here have focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes (e.g. through the Kyoto Protocol), and on developing adaptative strategies to assist species, ecosystems, humans, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.

From Wikipeclia

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Определите, является ли утверждение:

Wild birds in urban gardens are natural environment.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

28. "Natural environment" has nothing to do with politics.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

29. The Kyoto Protocol concerns the problems of climate changes.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

30. Environmentalism supports the struggle of peoples against the spread of globalization to their way of life.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

Climate changes are considered to be due to massive exhaust of C0₂.

a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 1

32. Environmentalism has diverse aims.

a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is it necessary to protect ecosystems?

1. Because they are affected by greenhouse gases.

2. Because all life on the earth depends on them.

3. Because they are unique.

4. Because they provide renewable energy sources.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Natural environment comprises all living and non-living things on the earth.

2. Natural environment denotes the diversity of species surrounding us.

3. Natural environment is badly influenced with greenhouse gases.

4. Natural environment protection is the basis of environmentalism.

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27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

MINERAL DEPOSITS

1. Scientific discipline concerned with the distribution of mineral deposits, the economic considerations involved in their recovery, and assessment of the reserves available is called economic geology. Economic geology deals with metal ores, fossil fuels, and other materials of commercial value, such as salt, gypsum, and building stone. Minerals that make up the rocks are defined as inorganic substances which occur naturally and have a definite chemical composition and physical properties which vary within known limits.

2. The major properties which are used for identification purposes are: colour, crystal form, where available, although most numerals do not show well-developed crystals; cleavage which is the property of minerals to split along one or more series of parallel planes; specific gravity; hardness which refers to the ability of minerals to scratch or to be scratched; lustre which is described in such terms as metallic, glassy, etc. Of these diagnostic properties, colour is, perhaps, the least useful. Cleavage, on the other hand, is one of the most diagnostically useful mineralogical properties that are repeated throughout the mineral.

3. Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad categories according to their physical characteristics: metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and non-metals such as diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sulphur, and asbestos. When minerals occur so that they can be worked as a profit they are called ore deposits.

4. Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and include both metallic (ore minerals) and non-metallic, as cryolite and sulphur. The principal reasons for distinguishing non-metallic deposits from metallic are practical ones and include such economic considerations as methods of recovery and uses.

www, newsscientist. com

Определите, является ли утверждение

Inorganic substances have a definite chemical composition.

а) в тексте нет информации Ь) ложным с) истинным

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28. There are lots of categories in which minerals can be grouped.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

29. Economic minerals include both metals and non-metals.

а) ложным b) истинным с) в тексте нет информации

30. Some mineral deposits are considered to be formed by the activity of organisms.

а) в тексте нет информации Ь) истинным с) ложным

3f. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

Different diagnostic properties are used to identify minerals.

a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3

32. Economic geology is a scientific discipline dealing with commercial materials.

a) 4 b) 1 c). 3 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the least useful feature in identification purposes?

1. Luster, which is described in such terms as metallic, glassy, etc.

2. Hardness, which refers to the ability of minerals to scratch or to be scratched.

3. Cleavage, which is the property of minerals to split along one or more series of parallel planes.

4. Colour, which is used in diagnostic properties as well.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. General information about mineral deposits.

2. Cleavage as one of the most useful mineralogical properties.

3. The difficulty of distinguishing different types of minerals.

4. The usage of the deposits for the profit of people.

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CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION

1. The earliest known climatic classifications were those of classical Greek times. Such schemes generally divided the Earth into latitudinal zones based on the significant parallels of 0,235, and 66,5 of latitude and on the length of day. Modern climate classification has its origins in the mid of the 19" century, with the first published maps of temperature and precipitation over the Earth, which permitted the development of methods of climate grouping that used both variables simultaneously.

2. Many different schemes of classifying climate have been devised (more than 100), but all of them may be broadly differentiated as either empiric or genetic methods. This distinction is based on the nature of the data used for classification. Empiric methods make use of observed climatic data, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation, or simple quantities derived from them (e.g., evaporation).

3. In contrast, a genetic method classifies climate on the basis of its causal elements, the activity and characteristics of all factors (air masses, circulation systems, fronts, jet streams, solar radiation, topographic effects, etc.) that give rise to the spatial and temporal patterns of climatic data. Hence, while empiric classifications are largely descriptive of climate, genetic methods are (or should be) explanatory.

4. Empiric methods may be subdivided further based on the manner in which the climatic data are used. Some approaches attempt to employ climatic data directly and to group patterns of their statistics on some "rational" basis, drawing guidance from the numbers themselves. More commonly, however, climates have been classified on the basis of the response of some phenomenon to climate. For example, climatic types have been differentiated on the basis of natural vegetation distributions, human comfort, soil formation, rock weathering, and myriad other factors whose intensity, nature, or distribution are felt to be controlled or influenced by climate.

(Encyclopedia Britanica)

Определите, является ли утверждение

Genetic methods include scientific data of climatic processes interaction, а) в тексте нет информации Ь) ложным с) истинным

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28. Criteria for differentiating climatic groups are determined on the basis of evaporation properties.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

29. Empiric methods use climate description.

а) ложным b) истинным с) в тексте нет информации

30. There are less than one hundred schemes of climate classifying.

а) в тексте нет информации Ь) истинным с) ложным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

The first attempts of climatic classifications go back to ancient times.

a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3

32. Natural vegetation distribution is one of the climatic type characteristics.

a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

What is observed climatic data?

1. It is a map of soil formation.

2. It is a system of wind circulation.

3. It is temperature and humidity measurement data.

4. It is solar radiation and topographic effects control.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. The Earth is divided into latitudinal zones.

2. There are different approaches of climate classifications.

3. Weather conditions are under scientific control.

4. Meteorological data play an important role for climatic studies.

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AIR POLLUTION

1. Air pollution is a chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually made up by mobile sources, mainly the automobiles.

2. The World Health Organization thinks that 4,6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution. The health effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health, status and genetics. People who exercise outdoors, for example, on hot, smoggy days increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.

3. There are many air pollution control technologies and urban planning strategies available to reduce air pollution; however, worldwide costs of addressing the issue are high. Of course, these costs are a small fraction of the economic damage that air pollution will inflict on every nation of earth.

4. Many countries are debating how to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy production and shift toward renewable energy technologies or nuclear power plants. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation, expanding regulation to new sources, increased fuel efficiency, conversion to cleaner fuels, or conversion to electric vehicles with renewable energy sources.

Определите, является ли утверждение

Ozone depletion is one of the outcomes of air pollution.

а) в тексте нет информации Ь) ложным с) истинным

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i

28. It is estimated that millions of deaths each year are caused by air pollution.

а) истинным b) в тексте нет информации с) ложным

29. То decrease their exposure to pollutants in the air people should exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days.

а) ложным b) истинным с) в тексте нет информации

30. Industrial development could impact certain species by air pollution, а) в тексте нет информации Ь) истинным с) ложным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая информация:

Air pollution causes different health problems and early deaths.

a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3

32. Many countries undertake efforts to enhance the usage of non-polluting energy sources.

a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2

33. Ответьте на вопрос.

What sources are considered to be major air pollutants?

1. They are cars and busses.

2. They are hydro-electric stations.

3. They are electro mobiles.

4. They are nuclear power plants.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Air pollution from mobile sources reduction is currently discussed in many countries.

1. Air pollution damages life on the Earth.

2. Air pollution control technologies are very costly.

3. Air pollution modifies the atmosphere on our planet.

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