- •Теплоэнергетика
- •Module I
- •Participial Constructions The Absolute Participial Construction
- •I. The Absolute Participle Construction with p I (non-prepositional)
- •II. The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with p I
- •III. The Absolute Participle Construction with p II (non-prepositional)
- •IV. The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with p II
- •Self-Training Exercises
- •Translate the sentences into Russian and explain the difference between p I and p II. Define the functions:
- •Translate into English using the p II:
- •3. Define the Participial Construction with p I after the determinate word. Note that Participles should be translated in the tense in which the predicate of the main clause is used:
- •Define the Participial Constructions with p I, translate the sentences:
- •Translate the sentences. Define the Participial Constructions with Perfect Participle:
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Electrical Current Serves Us In a Thousand Ways
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
- •Form four sentences using the words given below:
- •Give short answers to the following questions:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •Text 2 Energy Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Find the participle in the text and define its function.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
- •Compare a and b and define the function of the participle:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction:
- •Give short answers to the following questions:
- •Module II The Gerund
- •Признаки герундия
- •Перевод герундия на русский язык
- •The Gerund can be used:
- •Text 1 Lightning Active Words and Expressions
- •Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund:
- •Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below:
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function.
- •Put questions to the words in bold type:
- •Form verbs from the following nouns:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •Text 2 Active Words and Expressions
- •Atmospheric Electricity
- •Exercises Complete the following sentences using the Gerund
- •Translate the following sentences using the Gerund.
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function:
- •A) Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs, wherever necessary.
- •What questions are answered by the words in bold type in the following sentences?
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to both, both…and:
- •Fill in the blanks with prepositions:
- •Translate into Russian:
- •Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in columns I and II:
- •Describe Franklin’s kite experiment.
- •Give a short summary of the text. Module III
- •Infinitive
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива в предложении
- •Text 1 From the History of Electricity
- •1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive:
- •2. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type:
- •3. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the Infinitive:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words one or for:
- •9. Explain the meaning of the following compound words:
- •10. Retell Volta’s biography. Text 2 Electric Current
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the following sentences and define the Infinitive constructions:
- •2. According to the models given below form sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in сolumns 1, 2, 3, 4.
- •3. Translate the following sentences using the Infinitive:
- •4. Make up questions and answer them. Work in pairs:
- •Explain why:
- •Define the meaning of the following words:
- •7. The following statements are not true to fact. Correct them:
- •8. Give headings to each paragraph of the text.
- •9. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text. Ask your partner to answer them.
- •10. Give an abstract of the text. Библиографический список
Module II The Gerund
Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия и обладающую как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует.
Герундий имеет формы времени и залога:
The form |
Active |
Passive |
Simple Gerund |
reading |
being read (3 ф.) |
Perfect Gerund |
having read (3 ф.) |
having been read (3 ф.) |
Simultaneous action |
Prior action |
Simple Gerund Active Simple Gerund Passive |
Perfect Gerund Active Perfect Gerund Passive |
E.g.: I am surprised at hearing this. – Я удивлен слышать это.
I don’t remember having seen him before. – Я не помню, чтобы я его раньше видел.
Признаки герундия
Перед герундием (в отличие от причастия) могут стоять:
Предлог (by, in , of, without, on, instead of, in addition to, for, after, before и др.): Excuse me for being so late. – Извините, что я так опоздал.
Притяжательное местоимение (my, your, her, his, its, our, their): I don’t mind your going there. – Я не против того, чтобы ты туда пошел.
Существительное в притяжательном падеже: I don’t mind Peter’s going there. – Я не против того, чтобы Петр туда пошел.
Перевод герундия на русский язык
Герундий переводится на русский язык следующими способами:
Именем существительным: Reading English books every day will improve your knowledge of the language. – Ежедневное чтение английских книг улучшит ваше знание языка.
Инфинитивом (неопределенной формой глагола): She is afraid of bathing there. – Она боится купаться там.
Деепричастием: He went away without leaving his address. – Он уехал, не оставив своего адреса.
Глаголом в личной форме. В этом случае герундий переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением. Такие придаточные предложения часто начинаются словами то, что (чтобы). Указательное местоимение то может стоять в различных падежах: She reproached herself for having said it. – Она упрекала себя за то, что сказала это.
The Gerund can be used:
Function |
Form |
Examples |
Notes |
1. Subject |
All forms |
Flying is a thrilling thing. It’s no use discussing this problem now. Ones he starts making jokes there is no stopping him. |
Герундий, выполняющий функцию подлежащего, может стоять после сказуемого. В этом случае перед сказуемым стоит местоимение it, выражение it’s worth или оборот there is no. |
2. Predicative
|
Simple Gerund A. & P. |
What he loves best in the world is going to the theatre. |
глагол связка to be + Gerund |
3. Part of a Сompound Verbal Predicate: a) part of a compound verbal modal predicate
b) part of a compound verbal aspect predicate |
Simple Gerund A. & P.
Simple Gerund Active |
I can’t help telling you about it. – Я не могу не сказать вам об этом.
The audience burst out applauding |
Герундий образует часть составного глагольного модального сказуемого с выражением can’t help – не могу не.
Наиболее употребительные глаголы, в сочетании с которыми герундий образует составное глагольное аспектное сказуемое: to keep on, to go on, to give up, to leave off, to burst out, to finish, to stop, to cease, to begin, to start, to continue (обычно выражают начало, продолжение и конец действия). |
4. A Direct Object (прямое дополнение)
|
All forms |
I remember having seen him before. – Я помню, что видел его раньше. |
После глаголов: to mention – упоминать, to remember – помнить, to mind – возражать |
5. A Pre- positional Object (предло- жное до- полне- ние) |
All forms |
When do you think of going there? – Когда вы думаете поехать туда? |
После глаголов, прилагательных, причастий, требующих определенных предлогов: to depend on (upon) – зависеть, to result in, to insist on – настаивать на, to object to – возражать, to succeed in – иметь успех в, to think of, to hear of, to be fond of, to be proud of, to be interested in. |
6. An Attribute (определе- ние) |
All forms |
There are different ways of solving this problem. – Имеются различные способы разрешения этой проблемы. |
Обычно после определяемого слова с предлогом of или for. |
7. Adverbial Modifier: a) of time
b) of manner
c) of atte-ndant circ-umctances
d) of purpose
e) of condition
f) of reason
g) of concession (уступки) |
Simple Gerund A. & P.
S. Ger. A. & P.
S. Ger. A. & P.
S. Ger. A. & P.
S. Ger. A. & P.
All forms
S. Ger. A. & P., Perf. G. (A) |
Before crossing the road, stop and look both ways.
She spent the whole evening in packing.
He put the letter away without reading it.
This hall is used for dancing.
You will never speak good English without learning English.
He was in hospital for having been run by a car.
In spite of being tired, he continued working. |
When? in (on, upon), before, after, at
How? In what manner? by, in
without, besides, instead of
For what? For what purpose? for
On what condition? without, in case of
For what reason? Why? for – из-за, for rear of – из страха, что, owing to – благодаря, through – по причине, because of – из-за
In spite of what? – несмотря на что? In spite of |