- •Lecture 5 topic: the adjective. The adverb. Points for discussion:
- •Is the adjective always dependent on the nouns?
- •Which grammatical categories can the adjective have in the English language?
- •Which syntactical functions can this part of speech have in a sentence
- •5.1.1. General characteristics of the adjective as a part of speech (slide )
- •5.1.2. Adjectival classifications: the main approaches to the problem
- •Some points to clarify:
- •Where lies the fallacy of semantical classifications 2 and 3?
- •Where lies the fallacy of structural classifications?
- •What principals are the adjectival classifications based on?
- •5.2. The problem of the degree of comparison. The syntactical and analytical forms. The problems of the category.
- •The main forms of the degrees of comparison
- •Some points to clarify:
- •What are the main grounds for existing the analytical forms of degrees of comparison?
- •2. Do syntactical and analytical forms of the degrees of comparison correspond to each other?
- •3. How many degrees of comparison are distinguished?
- •4. Which principals are the models of comparison based on?
- •Some points to clarify:
- •5.3. Statives as grammatical notion. The problem of statives.
- •Grounds for seeing statives as separate parts of speech
- •5.4. The main adjectival oppositions.
- •3. 6. The noun: its syntactical properties
- •Closed form
- •Hyphenated form
- •Open form
- •The ways of expressing ‘the absolute singular’
- •1. Composition
- •2. Affixation
1. Composition
A new word is formed through adding two or more words in one.
sea + food = seafood (морепродукты); mail + box = mailbox (почтовый ящик); merry + go + round = merry-go-round (карусель).
2. Affixation
A new word is formed through adding some affix to the word-stem:
Prefexes to be added:
- negative (mis -; un -; im -; il -; ir -; dis-; in-; non-): disagreement (несогласие), misunderstanding (недоразумение), impossibility (невероятность), indifference (безразличие).
- anti (противоположный, против): antipoison – противоядие.
- co, com, con, col (вместе, совместно): collaboration (сотрудничество), concord (согласие).
- post (после): postgraduate – аспирант.
- pre (до, перед): preimage – оригинал, прототип.
- trans (через): transplantation – пересадка.
- ex (предыдущий, бывший): ex-president – бывший президент.
- semi (половина): semicolon – точка с запятой.
- sub (под, ниже, меньше): subdivision – подразделение, submarine – подводная лодка.
- inter (между, среди, взаимно): interraction – взаимодействие.
- re (повтор): reassurance – подтверждение.
Suffixes to be added:
- dom (территория, состояние): boredom – скука, freedom – свобода.
- ship/hood (состояние, статус): neighbourhood – соседство, leadership – управление.
- th/ty (от прилагательных образуются существительные с тем же значением): true – truth (правдивый – правда), probable – probability (возможный – возможность).
- ing (пример, действие):). to cook – cooking (готовить – приготовление
- ment (результат действия от глаголов): to develop – development (развивать – развитие).
- ance/ence (качество, состояние): ignorance – игнорирование.
- (a)tion (процесс, состояние, характеристика): dictation – диктант, improvisation – импровизация, translation – перевод.
- er/or (деятельность человека): worker – рабочий, instructor – инструктор.
- ent/ist/ate (деятельность человека): scientist – ученый, accountant – бухгалтер.
- ness (качество, характер): darkness – темнота, kindness – доброта.
- al (результат действия): approval – одобрение.
- ician (занятие, профессия): politician – политик.
3. CONVERSION.
A new word is formed from other parts of speech, so the nouns mostly are formed from verbs and verbs — from the adjectives. to look – a look (смотреть – взгляд).