12. Ия 3. Rise of t London dialect

The origin of the dialect of London may be explained by its mixed character of the South-Western to the East-Midland type.

The London dialect developed from several local dialects. The history of the London dialect reveals the sources of the literary language in the late English period. The London dialect can be considered as the basis of the national English language. The history of the London dialect reaches back to Roman and pre-Roman periods.

Already in old Eng. time London was the biggest town in Britain. The early written records were made in London, it was the London Proclamation. In this Proclamation can be seen the dialect came from East-Saxon dialect or South-Western dialect. The speech of London became more mixed. The explanation of the mixed character of the London speech lies in the history of the London population. In the 12 – 14 centuries the inhabitants of London came from the neighbouring South-Western districts. In the 14 century London was practically depopulated because of the Black Death. Most of the new comers came from the East Midland. The speech of Londoners had mixed character due to the influence of East-Midland dialect. From the 14-th century a large number of documents and papers were produced in London. All of them show East-midland dialectical features. The London dialect becomes largely East-Midland in its character.

Literary English originated from the language of the 14-th century. The importance of the London dialect as the foundation of the English national language grew also because of the fact that many of the best writers of the 14^th – 15^th century used it.

24. Мкк 5. Конфликт культур

Особую трудность составляет конфликт между культурными представлениями разных народов о тех предметах и явлениях реальности, которые обозначены "эквивалентными" словами этих языков. Эти культурные представления обычно определяют появление различных стилистических коннотаций у слов разных языков.

Пример: зеленые глаза по-русски звучит поэтично, романтично, наводит на мысль о колдовских, русалочьих глазах. Английское же словосочетание green eyes является метафорическим обозначением зависти и содержит явные негативные коннотации.

Русское словосочетание черная кошка обозначает, как и английское black cat, одно и то же домашнее животное. Однако в русской культуре черная кошка приносит несчастье, неудачу, а поэтому словосочетание имеет отрицательные коннотации. В английской же культуре черные кошки - признак удачи.

В тех, казалось бы, простейших случаях, когда слова разных языков включают в себя одинаковое количество понятийного материала, отражают один и тот же кусочек действительности, реальное речеупотребление их может быть различным, так как оно определяется различным языковым мышлением и различным речевым функционированием.

11. Ия 2. Periods in t history of English

The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.

The history of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods:

Old English (450 - 1100 AD): During the 5th Century AD three Germanic tribes (племя) (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany as well as Denmark. These tribes were warlike and pushed out most of the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants from England into Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall. Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixed their different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon.

The influence of Celtic upon Old English was slight.

Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD): After William the Conqueror, the Duke (герцог) of Normandy, invaded and conquered England in 1066 AD with his armies and became king, he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new government. The Old French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture. By about 1200, England and France had split. English changed a lot, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years. The use of Old English came back, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English.

The Middle English is also characterized for the beginning of the Great Vowel Shift.

Modern English (1500 to the present): Modern English developed after William Caxton established his printing press at Westminster Abbey in 1476.

Britain was an Empire for 200 years between the 18th and 20th centuries and English language continued to change as the British Empire moved across the world - to the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia and Africa. They sent people to settle and live in their conquered places and as settlers interacted with natives, new words were added to the English vocabulary. English continues to change and develop, with hundreds of new words arriving every year. But even with all the borrowings from many other languages the heart of the English language remains the Anglo-Saxon of Old English.