2. According to the parts of speech compound words represent:

nouns: nightgown

verbs: to outgrow

adjectives: hard-working

adverbs:downstairs prepositions: within

numerals: thirty-seven

3. According to degree of semantic independence of components:

Subordinative compounds (often termed determinative) where one of the components is the semantic centre and the structural centre and the second component is subordinate. Sunrise, bookshelf, dead-cheap

Coordinative compounds (copulative or additive) where both components are semantically independent fall into three groups: go-go, Afro-American

4. According to the structure of the constituent stems:

Compounds proper- formed by joining together two stems sunflower, bedroom

Compound-derived words or derivational compounds – the ones which have affixes in their structure absent-mindedness, blue-eyed Compound-shortened words or contracted compounds – the ones that have a shortened stem in their structure TV-set

Compounds where at least one of the constituents is a compound stem (wastepaper-basket).

The degree of motivation varies.

Completely-motivated compounds sky-blue, tea-taster.

Partially motivated: hand-bag, a flower-bed.

Completely unmotivated (idiomatic): ladybird(божья коровка), a sweet-tooth.

14. С 1. Stylistics as a branch of general linguistics; its tasks

According to I.R. Galperin, stylistics is a branch of general linguistics, which deals with the investigation of two independent tasks:

1. Stylistics studies the special media of language which are called stylistic devices and expressive means.

2. Stylistics studies the types of texts which are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication and are called functional styles of language.

Expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance.

A stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model.

A functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. A functional style should be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of the language.

I.R. Galperin distinguishes five major functional styles in the English literary standards. They are

1. The language of belles-letres.

2. The language of publicistic literature.

3. The language of newspapers.

4. The language of scientific prose.

5. The language of official documents.

4,5 Тф 4,5 Received pronunciation, English dialects

Variants – British eng, americ eng, Australian eng.

Every living language is in a state of constant development. When t same lang. is used by different countries separated from each other by vast territories, each of them can develop certain peculiar features of pronunciation. If such a type of pron. becomes sufficiently refined & mutually intelligible it’s called national literary standard of pronoun. Regional literary pronunciation is t type of speech used by a person and always depends on t region in which he is brought up. In such cases a slightly different pron. standard is developed & it can be turned regional literary pron. (dialect). In British Isles there may be distinguished 3 types of engl. region dialects:

1.Southern; 2.Nothern; 3.standard scotish

The southern eng. dialect gave rise to the present day national literary standard (RP)

There are 3 types of PR:

1. Conservative RP forms are used by t older generation & they represent t pron. Existing at t end of the XIX century.

2. General RP forms is t types of pronunc. Most commonly produced by educated natives. It’s t pron. adopted by mass media.

3. Advanced RP forms are mainly used by young people especially of t upper classes.