In the following meaning only the Indefinite Infinitive is used:

2. (STRICT) ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS (often official) (in the affirmative sentences)

Strict prohibition (in the negative sentences)

You are to do it exactly the way you are told.

If your letter contains anything valuable you are to register it.

You are not to leave the place until I return.

3. PURPOSE, PLAN

A knife is to cut with.

The prize was to honor him for his great discoveries.

4. POSSIBILITIY (in all kinds of sentences, with the Passive indefinite infinitive)

He was often to be seen in the bar of the Hotel Metropole.

Where is he to be found?

Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.

(“to be to” is equivalent to “can” and “may”)

Note: Question with “How…?” and the Active indefinite infinitive:

How am I to replay you for your kindness?

5. SOMETHING THAT IS DESTINED TO HAPPEN, THAT IS UNAVOIDABLE (in the affirmative and negative sentences)

He did not know at the time that he was never to see his native place again.

If we are to be neighbors for life, we should be on friendly terms.

It was not to be.

Here are some set phrases:

What am I to do?

Where am I to go?

What is to become at me? (Що зі мною буде?)

When am I to be there?

Who is to begin?

Who is to blame?

What is to be done?

It is to be hoped. (Треба сподіватись.)

NEED

as a modal verb may be used:

• as a defective (недостатній) verb. It has only one form. In reported speech it remains unchanged. “Need” is followed by the infinitive without the particle “to”.

• as a regular verb. It has the past form “needed”, and regular negative and interrogative forms. It is followed by the infinitive with the particle “to”.

Need expresses (in the combination with the Indefinite Infinitive):

1. NECESSITY (in the interrogative and affirmative (not typical) sentences)

2. ABSENCE OF NECESSITY (in the negative sentences)

Synonyms: There is no need to do it. It is not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.

Need I answer this question?

You needn’t be afraid of me.

Do I need to show my documents every time?

You don’t need to tell me that you are sorry.

Note I: In negative sentences it is not always the verb need that is in the negative form; the negation may be found elsewhere in the sentence:

They need hardly discuss the problem again.

I don’t think we need give her any more of our attention.

Note II: didn’t need to do something (1) didn’t have to do something; 2) it was not necessary, but it was done). Needn’t have done something (1) it was not necessary, but it was done

I didn’t need to buy the textbook (and I didn’t) as I had it at home.

He needn’t have bought the book (but he did) as it is available at library.

Note III: Occasionally “need” may be found in affirmative sentences, but it is not typical:

1. after the negation in the main clause (example – see NOTE I)

2. after the verb “to doubt” (I doubt if I need ring him up.)

3. in indirect questions (She wonders if he need stay in the office.)

Note IV: The regular verb “need” may be followed by a noun or pronoun, but in this case it is not a modal verb, it is a notional verb:

She needs a new dictionary.

Does he need my help?

SHALL

is not purely the modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning obligation with the function of the auxiliary verb in the future tense. As a modal verb “shall” is not translated into Ukrainian, usually its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation. “Shall” is combined only with the Indefinite Infinitive and expresses:

1. PROMISE (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 2^nd or 3^rd person)

Don’t worry, you shall have a minute’s rest before the meeting.

2. THREAT OR WARNING (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 2^nd and 3^rd person)

She shall pay for it, she shall.

Anyone found guilt shall be shot at once.

3. COMPULSION OR STRICT ORDER (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 2^nd or 3^rd person)

You shall stop reading fiction books at your lectures.

4. INTENTION, DETERMINATION (in affirmative and negative sentences, with the 1^st person)

I want that prize and I shall win it.

5. SUGGESTION, ASKING FOR INSTRUCTIONS, MAKING AN OFFER (in interrogative sentences, with the 1^st and 3^rd person)

Shall I make you a cup of coffee?

Shall I start speaking on the topic?

Note: the above-mentioned meanings are closely connected with the meaning of obligation which is at present not common in spoken English and which is normally confined to formal or archaic style (official regulations or other documents) and is mainly found in subordinate clauses:

It has been decided that the second reading shall not be opposed.

The fine shall not exceed 100 dollars.