- •Contents
- •In English and Ukrainian languages 79
- •Fundamentals
- •1. Basic units of language and speech
- •2. Word as a basic language unit. The structure of words
- •3. The classification of words
- •4. The combinability of words
- •6. Part of speech as one of the main grammatical notions
- •7. Contrastive studies of languages
- •8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic
- •9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
- •10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies
- •12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
- •Chapter 1 Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The category of gender
- •5. The category of the names of living beings and lifeless objects
- •IV. Define the type of declension (I, II, III or IV) and the gender of the given Ukrainian nouns. Think up at least five sentences, using some of these nouns, and render these sentences
- •Into English. Do the case and gender characteristics coincide in both languages?
- •V. A) Define to which semantic group of Singularia Tantum nouns belong the following English and Ukrainian nouns:
- •Languages
- •1. Adjective as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •II. Find all the adjectives in the following piece of writing. Classify these adjectives being either qualitative or relative (if possible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Identify whether adjectives used in each sentence are in the positive, comparative or superlative form. Define whether each form is synthetic or analytical.
- •Languages
- •1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Grammatical categories of numeral
- •II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
- •IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
- •Languages
- •1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun
- •2. Personal and possessive pronouns
- •3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns
- •6. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns in English and
- •II. Underline the pronoun in the following pieces of text, conversation. Identify the type of each pronoun; comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. The category of person
- •4. The category of aspect
- •4. The category of aspect
- •5. The category of tense
- •5.1. The Present Tense
- •5.2. The Past Tense
- •5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language.
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of mood
- •7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods
- •7.2. The Conditional mood
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •Languages
- •2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. The English gerund
- •Languages
- •1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks)
- •VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or some other type).
- •VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination. Think of their English equivalents.
- •Languages
- •1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •3. Particle as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. Modal words as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •6. The English article
- •II. Underline prepositions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found prepositions.
- •III. Underline conjunctions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found conjunctions.
- •V. Underline parenthetic words and word-combinations in the sentences below. Analyze them according to the modal meaning they express in the sentence.
- •1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax
- •2. The expression of syntactic relations
- •3. The classification of sentences as to their structure
- •1. The subject
- •2. The predicate
- •2.1. The simple predicate
- •3. The object
- •4. The attribute
- •5. The adverbial modifier
- •6. Complex parts of the sentence
- •1. The composite sentence
- •2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
- •2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
- •2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
- •2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness (складносурядне речения i3 значениям раптовостГ)
- •3. Compound sentences with asyndetically joined clauses (складносурядш речения без сполучникав)
- •1. The subject clause / Шдметове шдрядне речения
- •2. The predicative clause / Присудкове пвдрядне
- •3. The object/objective clause / Шдрядне додаткове
- •4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
- •5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
- •5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
- •5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
- •5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
- •5.9. Adverbial clauses of result / шдрядш речении наелвдку.
- •II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.
- •References
5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
Adverbial clauses of cause are joined in English to the muin clause with the help of the conjunctions because, as, since, now thai Sentences with the conjunction because point towards the immedinti cause of action or state, which is spoken about in the main clau I while the adverbial clause of cause with the conjunction ял usuiill) motivates content of the main sentence. Compare:
/ went away because there was no one there. - Я niuioe, 6o там не було нтого.
As there was no one, I had to work alone. - Оскшьки там не було нтого, я мусив працювати один.
Besides the mentioned conjunctions the adverbial clauses of cause are joined with the main clause also by means of the composite conjunctions, which originated from the substantival and participial word combinations, for example: for the reason that, on the ground that, seeing that, considering that.
In Ukrainian most frequently used in adverbial clauses of cause conjunctions are: бо, тому що, через те що, тим що, eid того що, що, а що, а як and others. The most peculiar of them are бо, тому що, через те що, for example: Bin не ходить на збори, тому що бо'шься критики [5; 152].
5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
In English the adverbial clauses of condition are joined with the help of the conjunctions if, unless, but that, in case, provided, suppose, supposing and others. The most often of them is the conjunction if The conjunctions unless and but having negative meaning, point to the fact that the action of the main sentence can take place only in case, when the action of the subordinate sentence does not take place, for example:
He is sure to come unless he has some urgent work to do. -ВЫ обов 'язково прийде, якщо тшьки в нього немае якоХ-небудь дуже термтовоХ роботи.
Adverbial clauses of condition are characterized by distinct modality. That is why they are so widely used in conditional mood.
In English complex sentences with adverbial clauses of condition are characterized by asyndentic connection. By this there is often observed inversion, for example: Had it not been so late, I should have stayed longer.
Widely spread in English are eleptical clauses of condition of the type: If necessary, I shall do it. I am sure you would act in the same way if in his place.
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In Ukrainian adverbial clauses of condition are connected Willi the help of the conjunctions коли, якщо, як, як ттьки, аби, скоро, раз and others. When the adverbial clause of condition is placed before the main one, then the latter starts with the conjunclion equivalent то: Якби я знала, що дгждуся, що побачу, то ще п тдождала (Т. Шевченко) [5; 153].
5.8. Adverbial clauses of concession / пщрядш речении допусту.
Adverbial clauses of concession are joined in English with tbj help of the conjunctions and the connective words though (although), in spite of the fact that, notwithstanding that, whoever, what ever, however, no matter that.
Though it was only nine о 'clock, there were few people in ihi streets. -Хоч було лише дев'ять годин, на вулицях було мало людей.
Не went out in spite of the fact that he was quite ill. Шн вийшов, хоч буе зовсШ хворий.
In Ukrainian adverbial clauses of concession are joined willi the main clause by means of the conjunctions and the connective wordl хоч (хоча, хоть), хай (нехай), дарма що, незважаючи на те що, як не, скшьки не and others. These conjunctions can have as thi ll correlatives the adversative conjunctions а, але, однак, проте etc., for example: Хоч уже листя падало, остню пахло, а проте були тепло та ясно (П. Мирний) [5; 156].