2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
The disjunctive compound sentences are joined in English with the help of the conjunctions or, either ... or, and in Ukrainian - або; ибо ...або; чи; чи ...чи; то ...то; не то ...не то; чи то ... чи
то and others, hi both languages the connection between parts of such a sentence is very close; if to omit one part of such a sentence, the other will lose its sense, e.g.:
The boy's wife might have died; or he might have come back and said, "Father, I have sinned"(W'. Thackerey).
Чи тдпалено, чи може ccmi необережними були (М. Коцю-бинський).
In Ukrainian the quantity of disjunctive conjunctions is a bigger one than in English, but the most spread of them are the conjunctions або and чи. The conjunction або has the most general meaning, pointing towards the separation of things or ideas, whereas the conjunction чи is derived from the interrogative particle and that is why retains the interrogative shade of meaning. Compare: Рантом хурчав автомобтъний мотор, або сурмив клаксон (Ю. Смолич). Часом качка в noeimpi дзвенить, чи кожан проти мюяця грае (М. Рильський).
The double conjunctions або ...або; чи ...чи; то ...то; не то ... не то; чи то ... чи то denote the separation in the facts alternation (To ми до них ходили, то вони до нас. - (Ю. Коршйчук)). The conjunction не то ... не то renders simultaneously doubt or hesitation: He то ocmni води шумти, збггаючи в Дунай, не то eimep бився в заломах провалля (М. Коцюбинський) [5; 139-140]. 2.3. The adversative compound sentence This type of sentence connection is rendered with the help of conjunctions а, але, та (але), так, зате, проте, однак, все ж and others in Ukrainian; but, while, whereas, or as well as with the help of connective adverbs (сполучш приагйвники) yet, still, nevertheless, however, otherwise.
The main expression of such relations between sentences is performed in English by the conjunction but. In Ukrainian it has as its correspondence the conjunction але. Both these conjunctions are used in the following main meanings:
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The limiting meaning (обмежувальне значения), when the idea expressed in the second part of the compound sentence, limits the possibility of happening of some event expressed by the first part of the sentence, or altogether interrupts such an action. Compare: He said he would stay quiet in the hall, but he simply couldn't any more (J. Galsworthy). Bin мгг би залишитися, але йому не вистачало мужностй
The concessive meaning (допустове значения), when in the second part of the sentence the expressed idea is opposite to what is expected on the basis of mentioned in the first part ideas. Compare: Twilight gave place to night, but he didn't turn on the light (H. Wells). Стемшло, але вт не заевшие лампи.
The relative meaning (вщносне значения), when the second part explains one of members of the first part or the whole of it. Compare: Some people likened him to a direction post ..., but these were his enemies (Ch. Dickens). Противник кинувся до anapamie, але вони мовчали.
In Ukrainian besides але there is also widely used the adversative conjunction a. It has more shades of meaning than the conjunction але, e.g.:
- contrasting (протиставлення): Буде сонце нам ceimumu, a ворогам школи;
- sequence of events (послщовшеть подш): Bin шов попереду, а я позаду;
- separate fulfilling of events (роздшьшеть дш за характером виконання): Ти молотом дзвени, працюй, а ти, поете, cnieau, завжди cnieau (В. Сосюра).
- conclusion (висновок): От i станщя Соколгорна, а у грудях еже серию тгено (Нагнибща) and others.
The English conjunction while has the meaning of opposing, similar to some meanings of the Ukrainian adversative conjunction a. Compare: Jos went into a collapsed state to an inn, while Dobbin escorted the ladies (W. Thackerey). Bin niuioe додому, аялишився в клуб1.
Somehow similar in their meaning are the English conjunction or and the Ukrainian conjunction a mo. Compare: It's lucky they took
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off
their boots, or we should fill the place with clatter (H.
Wells). Добре,
що вони роззулися, а то наробили б шуму.
The English conjunction otherwise also has the meaning close to it, e.g.: You have no documents - otherwise you would have handed them to the Colonel (Heym). Нема в тебе документгв, а то (Ыакше) б ти показав гх полковнику.
English connective adverbs yet, still, nevertheless have the adversative meaning with the shade of concession, which corresponds to some meanings of the Ukrainian adversative conjunction ma. Compare: That train would bear her away from him; yet he could not help fidgeting at the thought that they would lose it (J- Galsworthy) ... Ще клевета на нас не замовкае, - та стото ми табором одним ... (М. Рильський).
The characteristic feature of Ukrainian adversative sentences is the close connection and cooperation between conjunctions and modal words and particles. For example, the word nponte functions both as a conjunction and as a modal word. The particles тшьки, лише, таки can function also as coordinating conjunctions (сурядш сполучники) with the general adversative meaning, e.g.: Шч була темна, тшьки на неб1ясно блищализор1 (I. Нечуй-Левицький) [5; 140-141]. 2.4. The causative-consecutive compound sentences The causative and consecutive connection in compound sentences is rendered in Ukrainian with the help of the conjunctions /, a and in English - so (that), for, and the connective adverb therefore. At such a connection the second sentence expresses explanation, confirmation, conclusion or consequence of the idea expressed in the first part of the compound sentence. The coordination (сурядшеть) in ( such a case renders the relations more characteristic of complex sentences (властив1 шдрядним речениям). At this each part of such a sentence retains the meaning of an independent unit, though a connected one with the other.
The consecutive connection is rendered in English with the help of the conjunction so (less often therefore), in Ukrainian - with the help of the conjunction a, e.g.:
She hasn 't much strength in her, so I easily kept her quiet (Ch. Dickens).
Повернувся козак Нечай на nieee плече, а еже з ляшкш, вражих сите. Кров ртами тече (Нар. теня).
The causative connection in the compound sentence is rendered with the help of the English conjunction for and the Ukrainian conjunction i, e.g.:
It was not yet daylight, for the candle was burning (Ch. Dickens).
Андрш почув у pytfi одргзаш палъщ, i злкть туманом тднялась йому домозку (М. Коцюбинський) [5; 142].