2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
There are several types of the compound sentence depending on the meaning of the conjunction in English and in Ukrainian: copulative (едналъш), disjunctive (роздшовГ), adversative (проти-ставш), as well as compound sentences with causative and consecutive interrelations between clauses (складносурядт речения з причинно-наслщковими вщношеннями \нж складовими частотами речения).
2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
In the English language the copulative sentences are joined by conjunctions and, neither ... nor, now ... now, not ... but. In Ukrainian the typical conjunctions in this type of the sentence are: i (й), та, та й, i ...*..., ш ... m ..., ani... cmi... and others.
The most widespread of them are the English conjunction "and" and the Ukrainian conjunction "i (u) ". They render a variety of relations between sentences.
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The
peculiarity of the Ukrainian conjunction i
is
the fact that it has its phonetic variant й
with
which it alternates depending on the phonetic syllable of the
closest to it surrounding words. Sometimes the conjunction й
has
also a semantic difference, pointing towards the closer connection
in comparison to the conjunction i.
The main shades of meaning of the Ukrainian conjunction i and the English and coincide. They render first of all the following meanings:
The proper copulative meaning (власно-еднальне значения) when there is a connection of very close according to their content sentences. Compare: Гримыо потъмарене море здаля, i жаром чадила зрудта земля (М. Бажан). / heard a click, and a little glow lamp came into being (H. Wells).
The adjoining meaning (приеднувальне значения) when the first sentence is accompanied by the second sentence for the completion or development of the idea expressed by the first sentence. In English grammars this meaning is also sometimes called a copulative-relative meaning (еднально-вцщосне значения). Compare: Meni чомусъ здавалось, що треба йти додому, i це було единим мотивом, який змусив мене nimu. I had a vague idea of going on to my own house, and that was as much motive as I had (H. Wells).
The meaning of recounting (перел1чувальне значения). Compare: / mmo в них мщне, i плеч1 в них широт, i мислъ оформила onymi ix лоби (М. Бажан). The sun set, the window-shutters were closed, and the street was empty.
The meaning of consequence (наслщкове значения), when the second sentence is the result or consequence from the idea expressed in the first sentence. У мене дуже мало часу, i я нЫк не можу сказати вам про все (Ю. Коршйчук). But he was sick and weary; and he soon felt sound asleep (Ch. Dickens).
Unlike Ukrainian i (й) the English conjunction and is also widely used with the copulative-adversative meaning (в еднально-протиставному значенш) which mostly corresponds to the Ukrainian conjunction a. Compare: You have your opinion, and I have mine. У тебе своя думка, ау мене своя.
The Ukrainian conjunction та й is used less frequently in the Ukrainian language than the conjunction i (й) though it can render the same shades of connection.
The composite conjunction (складений сполучник) та й is used mainly in the copulative function, denoting the transfer to some action which either finishes the development of events or intervenes in it. For example: Ото дививсъ 1васик, дививсъ, та й заболыа голова (П. Тичина).
The copulative-negative meaning (еднально-заперечний зв'язок) is formed in the English language with the help of negative conjunctions neither, nor, not only ... but; in Ukrainian - m ..., ni ...; aui..., am ...; не тшьки ..., а (але) i (и). Compare:
Mrs. Septimus small let fall no word, neither did she question June about him (J. Galsworthy).
She would not put him off; nor would she make a scene in public (J. Galsworthy).
Hide ni собака не гавкне, hi вартових немае (Ю. Янков-ський).
Aui шелесту не було чути, aui колихання не було помШно (Марко Вовчок).
The Ukrainian conjunction не тшьки ..., а (але) i (й) has as its correspondence close in the meaning the English conjunction not only ... but, which shows that the action in the second sentence goes in parallel with the first sentence and does not contradict it. Compare:
На крупах коней проступали не тшьки напружет м 'язи, а й кожна кров 'ю налита жилка (1льченко).
And Germany had not only violated the Treaty of London, but she had seized a British ship on the Kiel Canal (H. Wells).
The negative conjunctions in English neither ... nor and in Ukrainian ni ...Hi, am ...ani are antonyms to the English conjunction both ... and and the Ukrainian conjunction як ..., так i, which in both languages are more widely used in a simple sentence with homogeneous members (однорщними членами) but sometimes also join parts of the compound sentence, for example: Як ти чоловт, так i я чоловт (А. Тесленко) Both he will come there, and I will call onthem[5; 138-139].
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