- •Contents
- •In English and Ukrainian languages 79
- •Fundamentals
- •1. Basic units of language and speech
- •2. Word as a basic language unit. The structure of words
- •3. The classification of words
- •4. The combinability of words
- •6. Part of speech as one of the main grammatical notions
- •7. Contrastive studies of languages
- •8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic
- •9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
- •10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies
- •12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
- •Chapter 1 Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The category of gender
- •5. The category of the names of living beings and lifeless objects
- •IV. Define the type of declension (I, II, III or IV) and the gender of the given Ukrainian nouns. Think up at least five sentences, using some of these nouns, and render these sentences
- •Into English. Do the case and gender characteristics coincide in both languages?
- •V. A) Define to which semantic group of Singularia Tantum nouns belong the following English and Ukrainian nouns:
- •Languages
- •1. Adjective as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •II. Find all the adjectives in the following piece of writing. Classify these adjectives being either qualitative or relative (if possible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Identify whether adjectives used in each sentence are in the positive, comparative or superlative form. Define whether each form is synthetic or analytical.
- •Languages
- •1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Grammatical categories of numeral
- •II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
- •IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
- •Languages
- •1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun
- •2. Personal and possessive pronouns
- •3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns
- •6. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns in English and
- •II. Underline the pronoun in the following pieces of text, conversation. Identify the type of each pronoun; comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. The category of person
- •4. The category of aspect
- •4. The category of aspect
- •5. The category of tense
- •5.1. The Present Tense
- •5.2. The Past Tense
- •5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language.
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of mood
- •7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods
- •7.2. The Conditional mood
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •Languages
- •2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. The English gerund
- •Languages
- •1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks)
- •VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or some other type).
- •VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination. Think of their English equivalents.
- •Languages
- •1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •3. Particle as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. Modal words as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •6. The English article
- •II. Underline prepositions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found prepositions.
- •III. Underline conjunctions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found conjunctions.
- •V. Underline parenthetic words and word-combinations in the sentences below. Analyze them according to the modal meaning they express in the sentence.
- •1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax
- •2. The expression of syntactic relations
- •3. The classification of sentences as to their structure
- •1. The subject
- •2. The predicate
- •2.1. The simple predicate
- •3. The object
- •4. The attribute
- •5. The adverbial modifier
- •6. Complex parts of the sentence
- •1. The composite sentence
- •2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
- •2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
- •2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
- •2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness (складносурядне речения i3 значениям раптовостГ)
- •3. Compound sentences with asyndetically joined clauses (складносурядш речения без сполучникав)
- •1. The subject clause / Шдметове шдрядне речения
- •2. The predicative clause / Присудкове пвдрядне
- •3. The object/objective clause / Шдрядне додаткове
- •4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
- •5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
- •5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
- •5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
- •5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
- •5.9. Adverbial clauses of result / шдрядш речении наелвдку.
- •II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.
- •References
5. The adverbial modifier
According to their meaning adverbial modifiers are subdivided into many types, which are basically similar in English and in Ukrainian. These are adverbial modifiers of: place (мюця), time
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(часу), manner (способу дй'), measure and degree (ступеня й Mipn), reason (причини), purpose (мети), result (наслщку), condition (умови), concession (допусту). Besides in English there is one more type of adverbial modifier - the adverbial modifier of attending circumstances (обставина супровщних умов).
In Ukrainian adverbial modifiers are not attached to any particular position in a sentence, whereas in English adverbial modifiers have their certain position in a sentence. For example, the adverbial modifier of place is most often placed at the end of the sentence, but if there is a necessity to point out towards the connection with the previous sentence it is placed at the beginning of the sentence: Here we began making fire. He made notes in a little book. The adverbial modifier of time is not so tightly connected with the predicate as the adverbial modifier of place that is why it can be easier put at the beginning of the sentence. Nevertheless it also usually stands at the end of the sentence: He came home in the morning. Adverbial words, denoting time as a very general characteristic, for example: never (школы), ever (коли-небудь), always (завжди), often (часто) etc., are put before the simple predicate, and in the analytical form of the verb - inside this form: 1 never laugh at anybody. We have never laughed at him.
Widely used are adverbial modifiers expressed by English gerundial constructions, for example: He passed without speaking to anybody. On his entering the room, the light went out. Their equivalents in Ukrainian are subordinate sentences.
Unlike English in Ukrainian there are widely used adverbial modifiers, expressed by different case forms of a noun without a preposition. The main of them are the following:
The instrumental case for the adverbial modifier of place, for example: Дивлюся: так бущм сова летитъ лугами, берегами, та нетрями, та глибокими ярами, та широкими степами та байраками (Т. Шевченко).
The accusative case for the adverbial modifier of place, for example: 1дуть вони поле, Хдуть i друге. Дунай-море плисти, три р'теньки брести.
3) The genitive case for the adverbial modifier of time, for example: одного вечора, наступного дня, тзньоН ноч1.
The instrumental case for the adverbial modifier of time, for example: весною, лтом, вечерами, ночами, ранками.
The accusative case for the adverbial modifier of time, for example: Чи буде та чорнобривка сей pin молодиця? (Т. Шевченко). 1тимутъ всю шч ... (О. Гончар).
The instrumental case for the adverbial modifier of manner, for example: Idy я тихою ходою (Т. Шевченко). ... Стали nonid нею величезним гомтким табором (О. Гончар).
7) The instrumental case for the adverbial modifier of comparison, for example: Bin сидить, згорнувшисъ бубликом над апаратом (О. Гончар).
All the mentioned Ukrainian adverbial modifiers have as their equivalents in English prepositional constructions (except the adverbial modifier of time with attributes this, next, last as well as the adverbial modifier of measure of the type We walked miles. It weighs a pound.).
The main peculiarity of the English language as compared with Ukrainian is the availability of complex adverbial modifiers, expressed with the help of predicative constructions. Here belong:
The adverbial modifier of attending circumstances, expressed by the participial construction with the preposition with: We saw a thick forest, with the red sun hanging low over it.
The detached adverbial modifier of reason, time or attending circumstances, expressed with the help of the so called "absolute participial construction": The lesson being over, I decided to speak to the professor [5; 136-138].