- •Contents
- •In English and Ukrainian languages 79
- •Fundamentals
- •1. Basic units of language and speech
- •2. Word as a basic language unit. The structure of words
- •3. The classification of words
- •4. The combinability of words
- •6. Part of speech as one of the main grammatical notions
- •7. Contrastive studies of languages
- •8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic
- •9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
- •10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies
- •12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
- •Chapter 1 Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The category of gender
- •5. The category of the names of living beings and lifeless objects
- •IV. Define the type of declension (I, II, III or IV) and the gender of the given Ukrainian nouns. Think up at least five sentences, using some of these nouns, and render these sentences
- •Into English. Do the case and gender characteristics coincide in both languages?
- •V. A) Define to which semantic group of Singularia Tantum nouns belong the following English and Ukrainian nouns:
- •Languages
- •1. Adjective as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •II. Find all the adjectives in the following piece of writing. Classify these adjectives being either qualitative or relative (if possible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Identify whether adjectives used in each sentence are in the positive, comparative or superlative form. Define whether each form is synthetic or analytical.
- •Languages
- •1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Grammatical categories of numeral
- •II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
- •IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
- •Languages
- •1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun
- •2. Personal and possessive pronouns
- •3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns
- •6. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns in English and
- •II. Underline the pronoun in the following pieces of text, conversation. Identify the type of each pronoun; comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. The category of person
- •4. The category of aspect
- •4. The category of aspect
- •5. The category of tense
- •5.1. The Present Tense
- •5.2. The Past Tense
- •5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language.
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of mood
- •7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods
- •7.2. The Conditional mood
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •Languages
- •2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. The English gerund
- •Languages
- •1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks)
- •VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or some other type).
- •VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination. Think of their English equivalents.
- •Languages
- •1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •3. Particle as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. Modal words as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •6. The English article
- •II. Underline prepositions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found prepositions.
- •III. Underline conjunctions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found conjunctions.
- •V. Underline parenthetic words and word-combinations in the sentences below. Analyze them according to the modal meaning they express in the sentence.
- •1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax
- •2. The expression of syntactic relations
- •3. The classification of sentences as to their structure
- •1. The subject
- •2. The predicate
- •2.1. The simple predicate
- •3. The object
- •4. The attribute
- •5. The adverbial modifier
- •6. Complex parts of the sentence
- •1. The composite sentence
- •2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
- •2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
- •2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
- •2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness (складносурядне речения i3 значениям раптовостГ)
- •3. Compound sentences with asyndetically joined clauses (складносурядш речения без сполучникав)
- •1. The subject clause / Шдметове шдрядне речения
- •2. The predicative clause / Присудкове пвдрядне
- •3. The object/objective clause / Шдрядне додаткове
- •4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
- •5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
- •5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
- •5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
- •5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
- •5.9. Adverbial clauses of result / шдрядш речении наелвдку.
- •II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.
- •References
4. The attribute
In
Ukrainian there are distinguished two types
of
attributes
-agreed
andjron-a_grg_ed
(узгоджеш
та неузгоджен* означения). This
is
the main difference of the Ukrainian attribute fro*11
the English one, which
is altogether not agreed with a word it modifies (the only exception
are the attributes expressed with the help of demonstrative pronouns
this
and
that,
which
are agreed with the word they modify in number, compare: this
book-these books).
The agreed attribute can be expressed by an adjective, a participle, a pronoun, an ordinal numeral, as well as by a detached participial construction. With the modified word it 1S agreed in case and in number, and in singular - as well in gender, for example: у pidny крашу, маний хлопець, чудна Ывчинка.
The function 0f the non-agreed attribute is most often performed by a norm (хата без дверей, люди ooopoi вот), а pronoun of the third person with the possessive meaning (його зошит, и посмшко), an infinitive (бажання вчитися, вмтня любити), an adverb (читання вголос, коханНЯ всупереч), а participle (eidnoeidb сидячи, байдикилежачи).
In both languages the attribute can be positioned either before the modified word or after it, but this position is, as & rale, attached to certain types of attributes.
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The specific feature of the Ukrainian language is a wide usage of agreed attributes, expressed by possessive adjectives, for example: didycie кожух, пастушкова соптка.
The attribute in the English language is expressed mostly by the same parts of speech as in Ukrainian. The characteristic feature of the English language in this respect is the possibility to use the noun in the common case in the function of an attribute: a stone house (ком 'яний будинок). The function of such a noun in the sentence is established only by its position before the modified noun, compare: export oil (експортна нафта) and oil export (експорт нафти). The function of an attribute can be fulfilled by two or more nouns, for example: a steam engine cylinder (цилшдр парового двигуна).
The attribute expressed by a noun in the form of a possessive case is put in English unlike in Ukrainian before a modified noun (compare: my father's room - тмнатамого батька).
In both languages there is spread such a type of attribute as an apposition (прикладка). There are no special differences in the expression of an apposition, if not taking into account the following two types spread in the English language:
A special type of an apposition, pointing towards the name of an object. It is expressed with the help of a prepositional word combination with the preposition of, for example: the continent of Europe, the city of London, the name of Lincoln and so on. In Ukrainian in such cases the apposition is attached to the modified noun: Micmo Льв1в, село 1вашвка, 1м 'я Лтколън.
Similar to it is the word combination with the preposition of, where the main noun renders the characteristic of some notion, expressed by the subordinated noun. Such attributive word combinations correspond in Ukrainian to negative comparisons of the type не ..., a ... . Compare: a brute of a man - не людина, а звгр; а jewel of a picture - не картина, а перл [5; 135-136].