- •Contents
- •In English and Ukrainian languages 79
- •Fundamentals
- •1. Basic units of language and speech
- •2. Word as a basic language unit. The structure of words
- •3. The classification of words
- •4. The combinability of words
- •6. Part of speech as one of the main grammatical notions
- •7. Contrastive studies of languages
- •8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic
- •9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
- •10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies
- •12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
- •Chapter 1 Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The category of gender
- •5. The category of the names of living beings and lifeless objects
- •IV. Define the type of declension (I, II, III or IV) and the gender of the given Ukrainian nouns. Think up at least five sentences, using some of these nouns, and render these sentences
- •Into English. Do the case and gender characteristics coincide in both languages?
- •V. A) Define to which semantic group of Singularia Tantum nouns belong the following English and Ukrainian nouns:
- •Languages
- •1. Adjective as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •II. Find all the adjectives in the following piece of writing. Classify these adjectives being either qualitative or relative (if possible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Identify whether adjectives used in each sentence are in the positive, comparative or superlative form. Define whether each form is synthetic or analytical.
- •Languages
- •1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Grammatical categories of numeral
- •II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
- •IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
- •Languages
- •1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun
- •2. Personal and possessive pronouns
- •3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns
- •6. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns in English and
- •II. Underline the pronoun in the following pieces of text, conversation. Identify the type of each pronoun; comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. The category of person
- •4. The category of aspect
- •4. The category of aspect
- •5. The category of tense
- •5.1. The Present Tense
- •5.2. The Past Tense
- •5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language.
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of mood
- •7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods
- •7.2. The Conditional mood
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •Languages
- •2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. The English gerund
- •Languages
- •1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks)
- •VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or some other type).
- •VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination. Think of their English equivalents.
- •Languages
- •1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •3. Particle as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. Modal words as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •6. The English article
- •II. Underline prepositions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found prepositions.
- •III. Underline conjunctions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found conjunctions.
- •V. Underline parenthetic words and word-combinations in the sentences below. Analyze them according to the modal meaning they express in the sentence.
- •1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax
- •2. The expression of syntactic relations
- •3. The classification of sentences as to their structure
- •1. The subject
- •2. The predicate
- •2.1. The simple predicate
- •3. The object
- •4. The attribute
- •5. The adverbial modifier
- •6. Complex parts of the sentence
- •1. The composite sentence
- •2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
- •2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
- •2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
- •2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness (складносурядне речения i3 значениям раптовостГ)
- •3. Compound sentences with asyndetically joined clauses (складносурядш речения без сполучникав)
- •1. The subject clause / Шдметове шдрядне речения
- •2. The predicative clause / Присудкове пвдрядне
- •3. The object/objective clause / Шдрядне додаткове
- •4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
- •5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
- •5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
- •5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
- •5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
- •5.9. Adverbial clauses of result / шдрядш речении наелвдку.
- •II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.
- •References
5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
Interjections are words that express but do not name feelings and will-determination of the speaking person (це слова, яга виражають, але не називають почутгя i волевиявлення того, хто говорить).
The interjection is a part of speech characterized by the following features in English and Ukrainian:
It expresses emotions or will without naming them.
It has no grammatical categories, no stem-building elements of its own and practically negative combinability.
3. It functions as a sentence-word or as a parenthetical element. Interjections, like other parts of speech, may be simple (hallo!,
come!, dear!), derivative (goodness!), and composite (hang it!, dear me!) [24; 205-206].
According to their structure interjections in both languages are divided into:
Primary (первиннч), e.g. in English: ah!, eh!, hey!, hi!, hallo!, hush!, hem! and others and in Ukrainian: а!, о!, И, у!, е!, гей, ой!, ох!, на!, ну!, ого! and others (primary (первишй) are common for all Slavonic languages (a!, ol, ax!, ox!, ого!) [15; 217-218]).
Secondary (вторинш) that have originated from notional parts of speech or from word combinations that have lost the function of naming and have been transformed into expressers of feelings and will-determination, for example: in English there!, come!, well!, why!, Dear me!; in Ukrainian год/7, шабаш!, цить! Добридень!
According to their meaning interjections in both languages are subdivided into the following groups:
1) emotional, e.g.: oh!, ah!, hurrah!, bosh!, alas!; ax!, au!. yx!, а!, ура! ой лишенъко! горенько мое!
and others. Some of them are polysemantic, for example, the Ukrainian ex! can express reproach, sadness or delight.
imperative, which render the inducement towards the action, some kind of appeal or will-determination, e.g.: hush!, well!, hallo!, ahoy!, come come!; год/7, доситъ!, гетъ!, цить! and others;
expressing greetings and other expressive interjections, e.g.: hallo!, good-bye!, how do you do!, thanks, please; добридень, спасибг, до побачення, прошу, пробачте, дякую and others;
4) sound-imitating, e.g.: cock-a-doodle-doo, bang, miaow; кукуржу, гав-гав, дтъ, бац, хлюп.
A peculiar feature of Ukrainian interjections гетъ! and цить! is their ability to build the forms of the imperative mood of the second person plural: цитъте, гетъте.
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In both languages interjections, especially primary ones, serve as a basis to form other notional parts of speech, especially verbs. In Ukrainian the suffixation is used for this purpose, e.g.: oxamu, axamu, ухати, ойкати, шабашити, гавкати, in English the conversion is used: hush (мовчати, мовчання), to pshaw (виявляти зневагу), to pooh-pooh (ставитися зневажливо до чогось), to shoo (проганяти), to halloa (вгтатися) [5; 108-109].