4. Demonstrative pronouns

In English usually only the pronouns this (these), that (those), tuch and the same are regarded as demonstrative. The sphere of this .и these is the space and time close to the speaker and the moment of speech, whereas the sphere of that and those is the time or space father away from the speaker and the moment of speech. Tb^e pronouns such and (the) same indicate objects or qualities by comparison with those pointed at by the speaker.

Ukrainian demonstrative pronouns той, отой, цей, оцей такий, отакий, сей (ся, ci, се) and their variants тая, тую, mil, ЦЯЯ> ци\ еттъки (нестягнеш форми) indicate towards the objects afld I heir qualities. The demonstrative pronoun еттъки correlates with the cardinal numeral. In combination with the word самый (той самий цей самий, такий самый) they not only point towards the object but also identify it.

Following is the contrastive analysis of possessive pronouns JS both languages. English pronouns this and that have the category of number (plural: these, those) and usually correlate with the modified nouns in number. Other demonstrative pronouns are indeclinable.

Ukrainian demonstrative pronouns (except еттъкы) have the category of gender and number and are declined similar to adjectives-

The English pronoun this (these) points to something closer to the speaker, and that (those) - to something more distant from it-Approximately the same meanings are expressed by the Ukrainian pronouns той, цей, though in Ukrainian this difference is not as distinct as in English. Ukrainian цей can be used also for denoting more distant objects, or the objects which are not available, also for denoting past and future moments or time periods - in all these cases the English pronoun that not this is used, e.g.:

Вы баните там nid горою быый будинок? У цьому будинку живе мш товарыш. -

Do you see the white house down there? My friend lives in t№* house.

The pronoun такий is often used with adjectives for the strengthening of their quality: такий молодый, такий страшный. 1^п

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English in such cases we use the adverb so: so young, so terrible [5; 64-65].

5. Interrogative and relative pronouns English interrogative pronouns are united by the meaning of an inquiry about some object (what, who), its properties (whose, which, what), place of some event (where), its time (when), cause (why), manner of existence (how).

Ukrainian interrogative pronouns include: xmo, що, який, чий, котрий, скгльки. They contain the question about a person, an object, some quality, possession and quantity of objects.

Following is the contrastive analysis of interrogative pronouns in both languages. In both languages interrogative pronouns express the question concerning the object (who, what, xmo, що), its quality (what, який), belonging (whose, чий), the place it takes among similar to it objects (which, який, котрий). Part of these pronouns correlates with nouns (who, what, xmo, що), and others - with adjectives (what, whose, which, який, чий, котрий). From them who is used regarding living beings (first of all human beings), which — regarding inanimate objects. The pronoun whose can sometimes be used regarding inanimate objects.

In English only one of these pronouns have forms of the nominative and objective cases (who - whom). But in a conversational language there is a tendency to use the nominative case instead of the objective one (Who (whom) did you ask about it?). So this pronoun also becomes indeclinable similar to other interrogative pronouns.

In Ukrainian all interrogative pronouns are declinable. Pronouns чий, який, котрий have the forms of gender, number and are declinable similar to adjectives.

The peculiarity of English what are its different meanings. This pronoun can be used as a noun (What has happened? "Що тропилось?") and as an adjective (What books did you buy? "Яю книжки ей купили?"); it can refer to objects (What have you brought?) and to persons (What is he? - What is his occupation); this pronoun is used in interrogative and in exclamatory sentences (What a fine weather!).

English pronouns who, what, which, whose, that, where, when, why, how are called "connective" when they serve to connect clauses in complex sentences. In accordance with their meaning and the types of clauses they introduce they fall into two groups: conjunctive and io I alive pronouns [24; 108-109].

Ukrainian relative pronouns. If the mentioned above interrogative pronouns join the subordinate clause to the main one, I hat is perform the function of linking words and correlate with nouns or pronouns of the main clause then they become relative pronouns. They have certain peculiarities concerning their sphere of usage.

The pronoun який is used in all styles of a language when it is necessary to point towards the qualitative character of some characteristic, e.g.: Природно, яка позищя - таю й резулътати (журн.).

The pronoun котрий is used in the case when it is necessary to underline the choice of some persons, objects or qualities in a row of homogeneous persons, objects or qualities, e.g.: Полювання з крякухою дуже добутливе, спокшне полювання, особливо для мисливщв, Kompi еже в лЫах, котрим уже бродити по болотах та лазити по очеретах, сказать би, важкувато (О. Вишня).

The relative pronoun чий points towards the object belonging and is used mainly in a bookish style. Pronouns xmo, що correlate with nouns: xmo with the person, що — either with a person or with some object; сктъки correlates with the numeral [15; 165].

Following is the contrastive analysis of relative pronouns in both languages. In English the role of relative pronouns that are used as a means of joining complex sentences is performed by interrogative pronouns who, which, whose, what and pronouns that, as; in Ukrainian - only interrogative pronouns xmo, який, котрий, що. Being used in the function of the connecting word they at the same time perform the function of the subjective member of the sentence (the subject or the attribute).

Relative sentences similar to interrogative sentences differentiate the person and the non-person (особу i не особу). In English this differentiation is revealed in contrasting of who and which (and by interrogative who - what), in Ukrainian xmo - що. Who (Ukr.

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Ill

хто) is used regarding persons, and which - regarding inanimate objects and animals.

The pronoun whose is usually placed before the noun, whereas the corresponding Ukrainian pronoun is mainly put after the noun:

That is the girl whose brother works at out institute. -

Це дгвчина, брат якоИ працюе в нашому тститутг.

The pronoun that can refer both to living beings and to inanimate objects. In this respect it remains of the Ukrainian relative pronoun що:

The article that I translated ... - Стаття, що я переклав .... The doctor that I visited ... - Шкар, що його я eideidae ... [5; 65-66].