48.Countrystuding competence.

• Countrystudying competence is a whole concept of national traditions and

• customs of the country, helping to take from the language the same information as native speakers. So-called lingvocountrystudying competence is a necessary condition of full language communication.

• To master a foreign language is a link to a new culture, new mentality, a new method of forming thoughts. It means, that to study any foreign language cannot be effective, unless it passes through the appropriate national background, that is why lingvocountrystudying has a special meaning. Firstly the term “lingvocountrystudying was used in an article by E.M. Vereschagin and V.G. Kostomarov “Linguistic problem of countrystuding in teaching of Russian language

• for foreigners” in 1971.

• The term lingvocountrystudying includes countrystudying and a special

• attitude for foreign language studying (getting some cultural facts by means of

• learning language). There is also an educational value to it, because meeting with the culture of a language occurs when comparing former knowledge and ideas with new ones and with ideas about your country.

• The main aim of lingvocountrystudying is to give communicative competence

• to intercultural communication by means of adequate speech perception of the partner and also an understanding of original texts.

• Nowadays in the modern multicultural educational field, people, learning

• languages address lingvocultural problems in studying foreign language and culture. During the process of teaching language, elements of culture correlate with language phenomena. Mastering the language, we gain cultural knowledge and the ability to understand the mind of native foreign speakers.

• The foundation of lingvocultural competence is background knowledge which includes mutual understanding of cultural traditions by the speaker and the listener, providing the basis of language activity.

• V.P. Furmanova emphasizes some parts of background knowledge for successful communication in the situations of intercultural activity:1) historical background, including information about culture during historical development. 2) social background. 3) ethnocultural background, including information about traditions and customs. 4)semiotic background with symbols, signs and peculiarities of language.

49.The problem of immigration in US.

• Immigration has been both a boon and a curse for the United States. While on the one hand, the country has seen its rich culture and civilization being shaped out by talented, ambitious, and hard-working people from around the world, but on the other hand, illegal and disruptive elements have endangered the national security.

• Here a brief focus can be made on major challenges posed by immigration problems USA .

• Illegal Immigration:

• Illegal immigration to the United States is an alarming problem in the current times. It refers to the migration of people across the national borders of the United States in violation of US immigration and nationality law. Illegal immigrants are also referred to as illegal alien, illegal immigrant, undocumented alien, undocumented immigrant, undocumented worker, and the like. These people are said to have threatened the American social fabric, native economy, national security, and everything other that is American. Illegal immigration to the USA (predominantly from Mexico) occurs through following means:

• Illegal crossing of border;

• Overstaying after expiry of visa or Border Crossing Card (BCC);

• Drug smuggling;

• Identity theft;

• Immigration on false visas from countries with which the USA has no automatic visa agreements.

• The successive administrations in the USA has been perturbed by the increasing flow of illegal immigration into the US more after the 9/11 attacks. Various legislations (Please refer to Immigration Law in USA and Immigration Reform USA , Index 1, Topics 7 and 9 ) have been passed to solve the issue of illegal immigration (sometimes negative while sometimes affirmative). In 1990 the Congress had appointed the Commission on Immigration Reform (dissolved in 1997) to review the nation's policies and laws and to recommend changes. Debates have engulfed the American society as to whether immigration has really helped or harmed the US; while the economics of illegal immigration has evolved to be a highly contentious issue. Despite all of this, the issue of illegal immigration and immigration problems in the USA are far from being resolved fully and finally.

50.The judicial system in US.

• In the United States of America, there are two separate and distinct types of judicial system that have cognizance over the various and sundry legal issues which, from time to time, come to affect the everyday person who lives and/or works in the United States: the Federal court system- which enforces Federal laws, rules and regulations plus applies and interprets the Constitution of the United States, where applicable- and the court systems of the several States, which enforce the laws, rules and regulations of a given State and its Civil Divisions plus applies and interprets the State's own Constitution. These two judicial systems exist side-by-side within the larger context of the American politicolegal system and are byproducts of American Federalism.

• At the pinnacle of the Federal court system is the United States of America's Court of Last Resort, the UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, normally consisting of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the land: thus, there is no appeal beyond it in any legal case or controversy arising under Federal law; in addition (though, admittedly, the following statement is a somewhat simplified version of its jurisdiction), it can take appeals from the courts of last resort of the several States (the Constitution of the United States being the "supreme Law of the Land"- per its own Article VI, clause 2) where a State law is being challenged as violative of the U.S. Constitution and/or a State court has utilized the U.S. Constitution and/or Federal law in what is otherwise an appeal within a State's court system (as is the case in Federal cases, there is no appeal beyond the U.S. Supreme Court re: such State cases as well-- the U.S. Supreme Court is, truly, the Court of Last Resort!).

• Directly below the U.S. Supreme Court in the Federal court system are the U.S. Courts of Appeals and, below these- at the bottom of the Federal court system, the U.S. District Courts. The U.S. District Court is the Court of General Trial Jurisdiction in the Federal system: the vast majority of Federal civil and criminal cases are, therefore, first heard in District Court. Appeal from a decision of the District Court is usually had to the U.S. Court of Appeals, which is the Intermediate Appellate Court in the Federal system (although, under extraordinary circumstances, an expedited appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court [thus, skipping the U.S. Court of Appeals altogether] is quite possible). In most Federal cases which come to be placed on its docket, the U.S. Supreme Court is hearing a further appeal from a U.S. Court of Appeals which itself has already ruled on an appeal from a U.S. District Court determination.

• The cities listed immediately following the full name of the courts in the table below are those considered to be the "headquarters" of the respective Federal court Circuit or District: this is usually the location of what is considered to be the "main Federal courthouse" of a given Circuit or District; where there is a possible question as to just which city holds said "main courthouse", the location of the main office of the Clerk (along with, in the case of a District, that of the U.S. Attorney) is held to be said "headquarters" city. Please note that these courts are usually authorized to sit in places within their respective Circuit or District other than the "headquarters" city indicated: the Clerk and/or U.S. Attorney might also have "branch offices" in other places within a given court's jurisdiction; also, some Districts are specifically divided into Divisions (not listed), each with its own U.S. District Court courthouse (though the court that sits therein is exercising jurisdiction over the whole of its respective District and appeal is still taken to the U.S. Court of Appeals of the appropriate Circuit).