8. Main principals of consonant classification. Classification of English consonants.

1.voicing (work of the vocal cords & force of exhalation): voiceless-fortis, voiced-lenis.

2.place of articulation (where the air is impeded):

-Bilabial (two lips) pb

-Labiodental (upper teeth-lower lip) fv

-Dental (teeth) ð, θ

-Alveolar td, s, n, z, l

-Retroflex (tip of the tongue curved & moved backwards) r

-Palato-alveolar (middle tongue to the hard palate) mv, J, w, x

-Palatal (to the soft palate) j

-Glottal h (pharyngal)

-Velar (back of the tongue) k, g, ŋ

-Labiovelar w

3.manner of articulation (kind of construction made ​​by articulators):

-Occlusive: plosives (pbtdkg) & sonorants-nasals

-Constrictive: fricatives (fvszhðθshzh) & semi-vowels (approximants) jwr + lateral l

-Occlusive-constrictive (affricates) mv J 

11. Syllabic structure if English words. Functional characteristics if syllables.

Human intercom-n is actualized in ss. s-le is dif-t to define. S-le - one or more speech sound, forming an uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word or a commonly recognized subdivision of a word.Can be a single word, a part of a word, a part of the grammatical form. Can be analized from the acoustic (by the force of the ut-ce or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length, intonograph & spectrograph), auditory (the smallest unit of perception), articulatory (results from the combined action of the power, vibrator, resonator and obstructor mechanisms) and func-l point of view. Also graphic representation. Ss in writing - syllabographs - are closely con-ed with the morphemic str-re of words.

Formed by a vowel, a vl & a con-t, con-t & a sonorant. Types of ss: unc-ed open, unc.closed, covered closed, covered open. The peak of the crest of the s-le is formed by a vl or a son-t. The con-ts which precede the peak and follow it - slops.

Theories of s-le formation & s-le division: 1) the most ancient (as many ss as there are v-ls - primitive & insufficient); 2) the expiratory th-ry (as many as there are expiration pulses, the borderline - the moment of the weakest ex-n, - inconsistent; 3) sonority th-ry (as many as there are the peaks of prominence or sonority - an inherent quality of all ind-l sounds; fails to explain the mec-m of s-le div-n: doesn't state to which s-le the weak sound at the boundary of two ss belongs. Otta Jespersen: the scale of son-ty of sounds - the scale of their inherent prominence. Sounds are grouped around the most son-ous ones, which form the peaks of son-ty in a syl-le. Two points of lower son-ty - the beg-g & the end of one s-le.

Functions of ss:

1) constitutive - constitute words, phrases & s-ces through the comb-n of their prosodic features: loudness-stress, pitch-tone, duration-length & tempo. May be stressed, unstr-ed, high, mid, low, rising, falling, long, short. These pros-c features constitute the stress pattern of words, tonal & rhythmic str-re of an ut-ce, help to peform dist-ve variations on the s-le level. 2) distinctive & differentiatory fn - word dis-ve fn of a s-le. There are many comb-n dist-ed by means of the dif-ce in the place of the syl-c boundary. Close juncture - bn sounds within one s-le, open - bn two ss, marked with +.

3) identificatory - is conditioned by the pron-n of the speaker. The listener understands if he perceives the correct sc boundary - 'syllabodisjuncture' might rain - my train.