- •The subject-matter of Phonetics. Branches of Phonetics.
- •Types of Phonetics according to its specific fields of investigation.
- •Phonology. The relationship between Phonetics and Phonology.
- •The difference between phonemes and allophones. Classification of allophones.
- •The Phoneme as an oppositional unit of speech. Main trends in Phoneme theory.
- •Common features of consonants as opposed to vowels.
- •Common features of vowel as opposed to conconants.
- •Main principals of consonant classification. Classification of English consonants.
- •11. Syllabic structure if English words. Functional characteristics if syllables.
- •12. Word stress in English.
- •13. Pronunciation. Phonemic and phonetic transcription. The Phonemic Chart.
- •14. The Reform Movement in the language teaching and the foundation of the ipa.
- •15. Approaches to the intonation study. Functions of intonation. Stylistic use of intonation.
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The subject-matter of Phonetics. Branches of Phonetics.
Phonetics ("phone" - Greek sound) - science of a sound. It's an independent branch of Linguistics, it studies sound, it's aspects and functions. It studies a semantic description of the sound in speech of any language. The way the are produced and perceived and their acoustic properties. It studies the sounds system of the language that it is segmental phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and intonation.
Phonetics = an independent branch of linguistics which studies and gives a semantic description of the sound structure of the language.
Structure: 1. speech sounds (production, perception, acoustic characteristics)
2. combinations of sounds (syllables, words, tone groups)
3. groups are characterized by: stress, rhythm, intonation
4. correlation b / n spoken and written language.
Branches of Ph:
1. articulatory / physiological - branch of Phonetics, which studies the way in which the air set emotion, the movement of speech organs, and coordination of these movements and the production of trains of speech.
2. acoustic - studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker's mouth and listener's ear.
3. functional / linguistic - studies linguistic properties of phonemes, syllable, accent and intonation.
4. auditory / perceptive (perception only) - which investigate hearing process.
Types of Phonetics according to its specific fields of investigation.
descriptive (synchronic) - synchronic description of the language.
historical (diachronic) - the description of the language at its point in history.
Comparative - compares the sounds of different languages of the world.
Dialectology (accents, dialects) - describes phonetic data from different dialects of the one language.
Normative - sets standards for the correct pronunciation of varies languages.
Clinical / speech - correction of speech pathologies.
voice training - for singes and actors.
Telephonic - deals with problems peculiar to the telephonic transmission of the speech sound.
speech recognition - communication between humans and machines.
Phonology. The relationship between Phonetics and Phonology.
Phonetics - the study of the way humans make, transits and receive speech sounds. It studies sounds as articulatory and acoustic units. The unit - a speech sound. (Physiological and acoustic levels of speech chain)
Phonology - the study of the sound system of the language. It studies only those contrasts in sounds, which make difference of meaning within the language. It investigates sounds as units, which serve communicative purposes. The unit - a phoneme. (Linguistic level of speech chain). It a branch of phonetics that studies the linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds, syllabic structure, word stress and prosodic features.
The difference between phonemes and allophones. Classification of allophones.
Phoneme - minimal abstract unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds opposable to other phonemes.
- It's a smallest unit of speech
- It distinguishes one word or word element from another.
- It's an oppositional unit of speech.
There are a great number of sounds in actual speech, which are combined into a certain amount of types. These types are phonemes. Their realisations in actual speech are allophones.
eg take - aspiration; twice - rounded lips; button - partially through nose; cattle - laterally; Betty - partially voiced; eighth - dental; stone - no aspirtion.
Classification of allophones.
1.principal/typical. The allophones that do not undergo and distinguishable changes in the chain of speech.
2.subsidiary. The allophones that undergo predictable changes in the articulation under the influence of the neighbouring sounds in different phonetic situations.
2a. Positional are used in certain positions traditionally (st-, sk-, sp-)
2b. Combinatory. - Appear in a process of speech and result from, the influence of one phoneme upon another. (Let them [leӨәm])
Allophones can also be:
Relevant / distinctive - articulatory features which the invariants of the phoneme if the opposed sounds differ in one articulatory feature and this difference brings about changes in the meaning of the word the contrasting features are relevant) eg port-court (both - voiceless, aspirated, but they different in the place of articulation.
Irrelevant - do no serve to distinguish meaning. Eg pan-ban (p - aspirated, b - non-aspirated).