Passive Voice

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

Present

These letters are written (by me) every week.

A letter is being written (by me) now.

The letter has been written (by me) today.



Past

This letter was written yesterday.

This letter was being written at 5 o'clock.

By 9 o'clock all my letters had been written.



Future

This letter will be written tomorrow.



All my letters will have been written by 7 o'clock tomorrow.



1. Викладач пояснює новий

матеріал.

на кожному

уроці

1. The teacher explains new

material at every lesson.

2. Новий матеріал пояснюється викладачем.

на кожному

уроці

2. New material is explained

by the teacher at every lesson.

3. Викладач пояснює новий матеріал.

зараз

3. The teacher is explaining new material now.

4. Новий матеріал пояснюється викладачем.

зараз

4. New material is being explained by the teacher now.

5. Викладач пояснив новий матеріал.

на цьому тижні

5. The teacher has explained new material this week.

6. Новий матеріал був пояснений викладачем.

на цьому тижні

6. New material has been explained by the teacher this week.

7. Викладач пояснює новий матеріал.

уже 10 хв.

з 9 год. ранку

7. The teacher has been explaining new material for 10 minutes since 9 o'clock in the morning.

8. Новий матеріал пояснюється викладачем.

уже 10 хв.

з 9 год. ранку

8. New material has been explained by the teacher for 10 minutes since

9 o'clock in the morning.

1. Викладач пояснив новий матеріал.

учора

1. The teacher explained new material yesterday.

2. Новий матеріал був пояснений викладачем.

учора

2. New material was explained by the teacher yesterday.

3. Викладач пояснював новий матеріал.

учора

о 10 годині

3. The teacher was explaining new material yesterday at 10 o'clock.

4. Новий матеріал

пояснювався викладачем.

учора

о 10 годині

4. New material was being explained by the teacher yesterday at 10 o'clock.

1. Викладач пояснить новий матеріал.

завтра

1. The teacher will explain new material tomorrow.

2. Новий матеріал буде пояснений викладачем.

завтра

2. New material will be explained by the teacher tomorrow.

3. Викладач пояснить новий матеріал.

завтра до кінця першого уроку

3. The teacher will have explained new material tomorrow by the end of the first lesson.

4. Новий матеріал буде пояснений викладачем.

завтра до кінця першого уроку

4. New material will have been explained by the teacher tomorrow by the end of the first lesson.

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) ability;

capability

I can run fast.

I can help you.

I am able to help you.

I will be able to help you.

I could run fast when I was a child, but now I can't.

I was able to help you.

2) informal

permission

You can use my car tomorrow.

3) polite request

Can I borrow your pen? Could I borrow your pen?

Could you help me?

4) impossibility

(negative only)

That can't be true!

That couldn't be true!

That can't have been true!

That couldn't have been true!

5) suggestion

— I need help in math.

You could talk to your teacher.

You could have talked to your teacher.

6) less than 50% certainty

— Where is John?

He could be at home.

He could have been at home.

7) doubt; astonishment (interrogative)

Can she know Japanese?

Can he have done it?