Reflexive pronouns

Persons

Singular

Plural

1^st pers. 2^nd pers. 3^rd pers.

myself yourself himself, herself, itself

сам(а) себе

ourselves yourselves themselves

самі себе

1. He looked at himself in the mirror.

A reflexive pronoun usually refers to the subject of a sentence. He and himself refer to the same person.

2. He himself answered the phone, not his secretary.

3. He answered the phone himself.

Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis.

4. She lives by herself.

The expression by + a reflexive pronoun usually means «alone».

Sentences

-thing

-body, -one

-where

Affirmative

some

any

something

що-небудь

anything

усе, що завгодно

somebody

someone

хтось

хто-небудь

anybody/anyone

усякий

будь-який

somewhere

anywhere

десь

де-небудь

anywhere

де завгодно

куди завгодно

Interrogative

any

anything

що-небудь

anybody

anyone

хто-небудь

будь-хто

anywhere

де-небудь

куди-небудь

Negative

not ...

any

no

not...

anything

нічого

nothing

нічого

not ... anybody

not ... anyone

ніхто

nobody/no one

none

ніхто

not ... anywhere

ніде, нікуди

nowhere

ніде, нікуди

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

every

everything

усе

everybody

everyone

усякий, кожний, усе

everywhere

скрізь, усюди

few

little

мало, мало хто

недостатньо

Few birds can be seen in that place. (= almost none)

I know little about painting.

(= almost nothing)

Few and little have

a negative meaning. They mean not enough.

a few

кілька

a little

трохи

A few birds can be seen in that place. (= some birds)

I know a little about painting. (= something)

A few, a little have

a positive meaning. They mean some though not much (many)

Singular

Plural

this — цей, ця, це

that — той, та, те

these — ці

those — ті

Adjectives and Adverbs

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Formation

One-syllable adjectives

and adverbs

old

wise

hot

easy

fast

early

older, elder wiser

hotter

easier

faster

earlier

oldest, eldest

wisest

hottest

easiest

fastest

earliest

For most

one-syllable adjectives and adverbs, -er and -est are added.

Two-syllable adjectives and adverbs

famous

slowly

more famous

more slowly

most famous

most slowly

For most two- syllable adj. and adv., more and most are used.

busy

pretty

busier

prettier

busiest

prettiest

-Er/-est are used with two-syllable adjectives that end in-y. The -y is changed to -i.

clever

gentle

friendly

cleverer

more clever

gentler

more gentle

friendlier

more friendly

cleverest

most clever

gentlest

most gentle

friendliest

most friendly

Some two-syllable adjectives use -er/-est or more/most: able, pleasant, angry,

handsome,simple, common, quiet,

narrow, sour, polite, cruel.

Adjectives and adverbs with three

or more

syllables

important

productive

carefully

more important

more productive

more

carefully

most

important

most productive

most

carefully

More and most are used with long adjectives and adverbs.

Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs

good/well

bad/badly

far

much/many

little

better

worse

farther/further

more

less

best

worst

farthest/furthest

most

least

Functions

Examples

1. The Notional Verb

She has a large family. We have got a comfortable flat.

2. An Auxiliary Verb

He has graduated from the University. I have been waiting for you for half an hour.

3. A Modal Verb

I have to get up early on Mondays. They had to go there. He will have to do it.

Functions

Examples

1. The Notional Verb

The exercise was done well. You didn't do anything to help her.

2. An Auxiliary Verb

a) The Present and Past Indefinite (interrogative and negative forms)

b) The Imperative Mood (negative form)

c) to express emphasis

He doesn't work here.

Did you see him yesterday? — Yes, I did.

Don't be late for the lessons.

But I do know him.