Vocabulary notes

adverse враждебный, неблагоприятный, вредный

protracted затянувшийся, длительный, затяжной

swift быстрый, скорый j

swift to hear, slow to speak больше слушай, меньше говори

to verify I) проверять; 2) удостоверять (подлинность)

to adopt принимать

to adopt a decision принимать решение

to adopt a resolution принимать резолюцию

to adopt another course of action переменить тактику

to adopt the attitude занять определенную позицию

to meet удовлетворять

to meet standards удовлетворять стандартам

to meet requirements удовлетворять требованиям

to meet a request выполнить просьбу

to meet a bill оплатить счет/ вексель

He has many expenses to meet Он несет большие расходы

integrity 1) честность, чистота;

2) неприкосновенность, целостность

to identify опознавать, устанавливать

личность/принад­лежность

identity личность, идентичность

sequentially последовательно

extent размер, степень, мера

to what extent до какой степени, насколько

to a great extent в значительной степени

to such an extent до такой степени

to collate детально сличать, сравнивать, сопоставлять

to collate with the original сличать с оригиналом liaison связь, взаимодействие

available доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении,

на­личный

by all available means всеми доступными средствами

all available funds все наличные средства

all the information available вся имеющаяся информация

to make smth available предоставить что-либо

level уровень

to gain получать, приобретать

to gain confidence of smth войти к кому-либо в доверие

to gain experience приобретать опыт

to gain ill repute приобретать дурную славу thorough полный, основательный, тщательный

The results of a comparative analysis carried out by the European Commission show the level of responses member states have devel­oped with regard to fraud against the budget of the European Union.

The national Criminal Codes or equivalent bodies of legislation all make provision for offences that can embrace both the Commu­nity's and the member states' financial interests. Of these, obtaining by deception, forgery and issuing forged documents and fraudulent conversion are the most important. Some member states (the Neth­erlands, for example) list dozens of provisions to be found in a great number of separate enactments that can be used against fraud­sters, depending on the form the fraud takes.

Most member states believe that the ordinary criminal offences are adequately defined to protect the Community's financial inter­ests. Assimilation for enforcement purposes is implied in provisions creating offences and penalties that are applicable in like manner: to Community and national interests.

Even so, it is clear from some of the reports that the trend is to­wards making fraud against the Community's financial interests an offence in its own right. The trend has gathered momentum with the Convention on the protection of the Community financial interests on which an agreement was reached at Cannes and which was signed on 26 July 1995. Article 1(2) requires member states to take the necessary and appropriate measures to transpose into their criminal law the provisions of Article 1(1) (defining what consti­tutes fraud against the Community's financial interests) so as to make the conduct described therein a criminal offence. The pur­pose, as is clear from the explanatory report, is that member states should make fraud either a specific or an express offence or at least bring it within the general definition of the offence of fraud.

There is a trend towards the development of multidisciplinary con­trol structures with responsibility for all areas of fraud prevention and with wide-ranging investigative powers. In this way the member states hope that more effective steps can be taken to combat organised finan­cial crime which is not necessarily confined to one particular sector.