- •Оглавление
- •Введение
- •Unit 1 service industry
- •Assignments
- •St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics
- •Words and expressions
- •Service industry
- •Words and expressions
- •Which are personal qualities required for working in the service industry?
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •The Sights
- •Cathedrals, Churches and Monasteries
- •Bridges
- •Theatres
- •Festivals
- •The suburbs
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indefinite pronouns some / any and their derivatives
- •Things to do
- •Unit 3 higher education in the uk
- •Assignments
- •Types of English universities
- •Entrance to British universities
- •The university system in Britain
- •Variety of other British higher institutions
- •Words and expressions
- •1. At an International Conference.
- •2. A Television Interview.
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 4 higher education in the usa
- •Assignments
- •Categories of institution in the usa
- •Involvement in learning
- •Changes in American higher education
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 5 political system in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Political system of the usa
- •The us Constitution
- •The Legislative Branch
- •The Executive Branch
- •The Judicial Branch
- •Major Political Parties
- •Elections
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Travelling by air
- •Words and expressions
- •Travelling by train
- •Britain Rail’s Services
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 7 at the customs
- •Assignments
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 8 meals
- •Meals and Mealtimes in Britain
- •Sunday Roast
- •Eating out in London
- •Restaurants
- •International and fusion cuisine
- •Fast food
- •Ordering food
- •Grammar exercises
- •2. Be a host and a guest in turns.
- •3. Project Work:
- •Unit 9 accommodation
- •How to book
- •Classification
- •Yha Hostels
- •Independent Hostels
- •University Accommodation
- •Bed and Breakfast
- •Guesthouses
- •Rental Accommodation
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 10 london
- •Assignments
- •Buckingham Palace
- •Houses of Parliament
- •Westminster Abbey
- •St. Paul’s Cathedral
- •Trafalgar Square
- •Nelson`s Column
- •The Tower of London
- •Piccadilly Circus
- •Shakespeare`s Globe Theatre
- •Covent Garden
- •Downing Street
- •The Charles Dickens Museum
- •Neasden Temple
- •Royal parks
- •British Library
- •Changing the Guard
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indirect Speech
- •Order tell ask beg suggest
- •Things to do
- •Unit 11 shopping
- •Shopping in London
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Marks & Spencer Britain's Favourite Store
- •How did it all begin?
- •What are the best-sellers?
- •Why is m&s so successful?
- •I’m not a shopaholic!
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •The media
- •National and local newspapers in the usa
- •Radio and television in the usa
- •The press in the uk
- •Television and Radio in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Machine Dreams
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Infinitive
- •Things to do
- •Grammar reference present forms Present Simple
- •State verbs
- •Present Perfect
- •Past forms The past forms of be
- •Past Simple
- •Future forms
- •The Present Continuous
- •The Present Simple
- •The Future Perfect
- •Articles
- •Adjectives
- •Pronouns
- •A little/Little
- •Modal verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Personal / Impersonal passive constructions
- •Reported speech
- •1 Change of tenses
- •2 Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting
- •3 Word order in reported questions
- •Conditionals
- •Infinitive – gerund – participles The Infinitive
- •The Participles
- •Suffixes Common suffixes for nouns
- •Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
- •Bibliography
- •Заключение
- •191015, Г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кавалергардская, д. 7
Passive voice
1 The Passive is used when the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
Mrs Archer’s ruby ring was stolen from her house last night.
2 When the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out,
as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, etc.
The teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.
3 When we want to make statements more polite.
My new blouse is ruined. ( More polite than saying, ‘You’ve ruined my
new blouse.’)
Note: The Passive is used more often in written English than in spoken
English.
|
Active |
Passive |
Present Simple |
it makes |
it is made |
Present Continuous |
it is making |
it is being made |
Present Perfect |
it has made |
it has been made |
Past Simple |
it made |
it was made |
Past Continuous |
it was making |
it was being made |
Past Perfect |
it will make |
it had been made |
Future Simple |
it will make |
it will be made |
infinitive forms |
make to make |
be made to be made |
-ing form |
making |
being made |
Personal / Impersonal passive constructions
The verbs think, believe, say report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions:
Active: |
People say that he has lost his job. |
Passive: |
It is said (that) he has lost his job. (impersonal construction) He is said to have lost his job. (personal construction) |
Active |
People know that he works hard. |
Passive |
It is known (that) he works hard. He is known to work hard. |
Active |
People think he left the country last night. |
Passive |
It is thought (that) he left the country last night. |
|
He is thought to have left the country last night. |
Reported speech
1 Change of tenses
When we report someone's words afterwards, the verb forms often move into the past. This is because what they said is now in the past.
Direct speech (actual words) |
Reported (indirect) speech
|
Years ago, John said ... |
A few years ago, John told me that... |
‘I want to get away from here.’ Present simple |
he wanted to get away from there. Past simple |
‘I had an awful time last year.’ Past simple |
he had had an awful time the previous year. Past perfect |
‘I’ve found a new job in Canada.’ Present perfect |
he had found a new job in Canada Past perfect |
‘I’m leaving tomorrow.’ Present continuous |
he was leaving the next day. Past Continuous |
‘I’m going to start a new life.’ is / are going to |
he was going to start a new life was / were going to |
‘I'll write to you when I get there.' will/won’t |
he would write to me when he got there, would I wouldn’t |
‘You can come and see me’ can/can’t |
I could come and see him. could/couldn’t |
Notice:
a The changes in place and time references in the reported statements.
here → there
last year → the year before
b Other modal verbs (would, could, should, ought, might) do not change in
reported speech
c The changes in pronouns used in reported speech.