Самостійна робота "Практикум перекладу"

У заключній частині курсу відточуються набуті у попередніх розділах знання та навички з дисципліни та закріплюються активною практикою перекладу текстів українського та британсько-американського походження. Тексти підібрано з тематики основної спеціальності студентів. На самостійну роботу з модулем пропонується відвести 30 навчальних годин.

Метою самостійної роботи над завершальним IV модулем "Практикум перекладу" є:

• набуття студентами практичних перекладацьких навичок, а саме письмового перекладу, реферативного/ послідовного/ абзацно-фразового перекладу, тощо;

• збагачення словникового запасу студентів у межах текстів інформаційного, публіцистичного, наукового характеру з тематики спеціальності;

• закріплення та вдосконалення ними набутих протягом 1-3 модулів теоретичних і практичних (лексико-граматичних) знань з англійської мови.

Самостійна робота студентів над IV модулем передбачає формування конкретних навичок та вмінь:

• виконувати за допомогою словників письмовий переклад з іноземної мови на українську, а також з української мови на іноземну письмових текстів різноманітних жанрів, характерних для сфери письмової перекладацької комунікації з тематики спеціальності студентів;

• виконувати письмовий реферативний переклад письмових іноземних текстів;

• редагувати письмові українські переклади іноземних текстів.

По закінченні курсу студенти мають вміти аналізувати текст з точки зору перекладу, виокремлюючи типові та нестандартні перекладацькі рішення, визначати ступінь семантичної, структурної та стилістичної відповідності тексту перекладу до оригіналу.

Завдання

1. Зробити термінологічний словник за одним з текстів та перекласти його на українську мову.

Текст 1

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN ECONOMIC AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE

Ukraine’s Economy in the Context of International Economic Relations

A new independent state with a thousand-year-old history appeared on the map of the world. To have an idea of Ukraine’s economic potential, its resources, and define the scale of reforms which must be carried out let us get acquainted with some objective data. Ukraine is situated in the geographical centre of Europe.

The country occupies a territory of 603,700 square kilometres. It’s a population is about 50 million, more than 74 per cent of whom are Ukrainians. For comparison, the population of Germany is 79.7 million people, Great Britain – 57, Poland – 39, Finland – 5. Ten million ethnic Ukrainians live outside the country on the territories of the former Soviet Union, and close to 5 million live in other foreign countries.

The Diaspora is the strongest in Canada and the USA. There are six cities in Ukraine with a population of over one million. Occupying 0.45 per cent of all earth’s dwellers, Ukraine produces almost 5 per cent of the world output.

Ukraine is the first in Europe in iron ore extraction, production of steel, cast iron, tractors, mineral fertilizers, sugar, and grain; the second is coal mining, and the third in producing concrete, electric energy and various equipment.

In the south the country has access to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov which are connected with the ocean. Twenty-seven thousand kilometres of railroads intertwine throughout the territory of Ukraine (in Sweden – 12, France – 35, Spain – 20).

Foreign Economic Activities of Ukraine

Ukraine’s enterprises conduct business transactions with partners in 137 countries. Ukraine’s major export items: metal, ores, coal, electricity, nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizer, soda, cement, glass, construction materials, machines, equipment, sugar, vegetable oil. Its major important items: oil, gas, timber, non-ferrous metals, cars, machines and equipment, knitted wear and garments, top quality foodstuffs, medications.

Ukraine’s leading trade partners are: Russia, Germany, the USA, Italy, China, Turkey, the Czech, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Poland, and Bulgaria.

Batter deals and export under federal contracts make up some 43% of the foreign trade turnover.

Relations of Ukraine with the English-Speaking Countries

As now Ukraine is a sovereign state, it establishes new relations with the countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with many foreign countries signing agreements and treaties. A lot of foreign Embassies have appeared in its capital lately. Ukraine is one of the founding members of the United Nations Organizations and participates in the work of many international organizations.

The topics of our radio and television talks are often Ukrainian-American relations and our viewpoint on the prospect of their development, and a wide range of other international issues.

A fundamental reshaping of foreign policy could only be effected on the basis of a strictly scientific and objective reassessment of the present-day realities. This evaluation the in-depth analysis of international affairs and the consideration of our national interests resulted in the new political thinking.

Nowadays the political life is giving fresh grounds for the relations of mutual understanding between Ukraine and the USA, Great Britain, Canada and other English-speaking countries.

The new political thinking, as seen by the Ukrainian leadership and by foreign experts, is not something frozen and immobile. It is exceptionally creative process, receptive to innovation.

The reason for the new of relations is that all English-speaking countries want to see broader economic ties with Ukraine. The exchanging of opinions with the delegations from the English-speaking countries is generally marked by goodwill and intense interest.

Taking into consideration the development in Ukraine, a lot of joint ventures have appeared recently in its cities and towns. A lot of delegations, businessmen, specialists and tourists from the English-speaking countries keep coming to Ukraine.

Текст 2.

EXTERNAL AFFAIRS AND DEFENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN

Overseas Relations

Britain has diplomatic relations with 166 states, retains responsibility for 14 dependent territories, provides development assistance to over 120 countries, and is a member of some 120 international organizations. Britain is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

The European Community

Britain is a committed member of the European Community, an association of 12 democratic states. The Community defines its aims as the harmonious development of economic activities; a continuous, balanced economic expansion; and an accelerated rise in standards of living. These objectives should be met by the creation of a common internal market, the gradual approximation of member states’ economic policies, and a framework of common law.

The Community has abolished internal tariffs, established a common customs tariff and set a goal of the creation, by the end of 1992, of an internal market in which free movement of goods, services, persons and capital is ensured in accordance with the Treaty of Rome.

Britain regards completion of the internal market as essential if Europe is to improve its competiveness in world markets. By mid-1990 Britain had implemented more internal market measures than any other Community member.

The Community now accounts for a fifth of world trade. Half Britain’s trade is with its 11 Community partners.

The Commonwealth

The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 50 independent states with a combined population of 1,300 million (nearly a quarter of the world total). It originates in the progressive, largely peaceful, dismantling of the British Empire since 1945. Members share a language and are a cross-section of countries at all stages of social and economic development. The Queen is recognized as head of the Commonwealth, and is head of State in 17 member countries.

Aid and Development

Britain’s aid programme aims to promote sustainable economic and social progress, and the alleviation of poverty, in developing countries. Its budget in 1989 was about £1,790 million. Over 80 per cent of gross bilateral aid went to the poorest countries. Some 75 per cent went to commonwealth countries. Almost £65 million was spent on disaster relief, help for refugees, and emergency food aid.

Multilateral agencies, including the World Bank and the United Nations, are major channels for British aid (21 per cent in 1989). European Community programmes account for a further 17 per cent.

Defence

Britain’s defence policy is based on its membership of NATO, which is committed to defend the territories of all member states. Britain spent 4 per cent of gross domestic product on defence in 1989. Britain gives military aid and training to friendly countries, and has permanent garrisons in some of its dependent territories. It also provides the largest contingent of the UN peace-keeping force in Cyprus.

(from ‘Britain in Brief’, prepared for the Foreign

and Commonwealth Office by Reference Services,

Central Office of Information, January 1991)

Текст 3.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The Nature and Types of International Organizations

The nation-state has, for the past several centuries, been the primary actor in world politics. Moreover, states tend to act unilaterally within the international system in pursuit of their self-interest. Diplomacy can be considered as a tool in the pursuit of national interest. Indeed, it is hard to conceive of any other form of organizing and conducting international relations. Yet there are alternatives. International organization is one of these alternatives. Global, regional, and specialized international organizations provide an organizational structure within which countries can debate and make policy regarding international issues, and an organizational structure to implement policy and carry on other activities. The concept of international organization is not a new one, although the practice of having a continuous international organization is a relatively recent advance in the conduct of international relations. Now there are a growing number of permanent international organizations. The size and scope of these international organizations vary greatly, ranging from multipurpose, nearly universal organizations like the United Nations to single-purpose organizations with very few member countries.

The term international organization tends to bring United Nations to mind. There are many more, however. They can also be divided geographically into global or regional organizations, and grouped by functions into general or specialized international organizations. These categories, and some examples of each, are shown in Table 1. One commonality among some of them is that their memberships consist of national governments. Therefore, they are termed international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Some of these IGOs have at least theoretical, fruited supranational status. There are also a significant and growing number of international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs or sometimes INGOs), which are transnational actors made up of private organizations and individuals instead of member states.

Types and Examples of International Organizations

General Purpose Specialized Geography

IGO

NGO

IGO

NGO

Global United Nations

Catholic Chinch

International Monetary Fund

Red Cross Amnesty

International Regional Organization of American States

European People's Party

Association of Southeast Asian Nation;

African Football Confederation

International organization can be classified according to whether they deal with many issues (general) or are specialized. They can also be classified according to whether their membership is universal or regional. There are many scholarly schemes for classifying such organizations, as well as differences in definition and terminology. There is also disagreement over whether some organizations, such as alliances, are properly international organizations at all.

Текст 4.

The Roots of International Organization

International organization is primarily a modern phenomenon. One thing that you can note about the international organizations is that nearly all of them were created in the 20th century. Nevertheless, the origins of international organizations extend far back in history. Three main root systems have nourished the current growth of international organization.

Universal Concern for the Condition of Humanity

The first branch of the root system is the universal concern for the condition of humanity. This has been expressed in the writings of philosophers and in the attempts to create organizations to improve human conditions.

Confucius (551-479 B.C.) deplored violence, and Erasmus (1466-1536) rejected war as brutal, wicked, wasteful, and stupid.

The first example of an organization based on these principles was the Hague system, named for the 1899 and 1907 peace conferences held at that city in the Netherlands. The 1907 conference was more comprehensive, with 44 European, North American, and Latin American states participating. Organizationally, the Hague system included a rudimentary general assembly and a judicial system. The conferences also adopted a series of standards to limit the conduct of war. World War I destroyed the plans for a third Hague conference in 1915, but the move toward universal organization was under way.

The next step along the path was creation of the League of Nations after World War I. The League was intended mainly as a peacekeeping organization, although it did have some elements aimed at social and economic cooperation. Despite the hopes with which it was founded, the League could not survive some of its own organizational inadequacies, the unstable post World War peace, the Great Depression, and the rise of militant fascism. After only two decades of frustrated existence, the League died in the rubble of World War II. The United Nations is the latest, and most advanced, developmental stage of universal concern with the human condition.

Like the League of Nations, it was established mainly to maintain peace, but it has increasingly become involved in socioeconomic issues. In addition, as we shall see, the UN and its predecessor, the League, represent the coming together of all the root systems of international organizations. They are more properly seen as the emergent saplings of extensive cooperation and integration.

Big-Power Peacekeeping

The second branch of the root system is the idea that the big powers have a special responsibility to cooperate and preserve peace. This idea took on substance with the Congress of Vienna. This conference and three others between 1815 and 1822 led to the Concert of Europe. This informal coalition of the major European powers and the following balance-of-(big-) power diplomacy managed generally to keep the peace for the century between the fall of Napoleon and the outbreak of World War I.

The persistence of the philosophy of big-power responsibility (and authority) was evident in the Council of the League of Nations. The council was granted authority to deal with any matter within the sphere of activity of the League or affecting the peace of the world. Significantly, five of the nine seats on the council were permanently assigned to the principal victorious allies of World War I. The council was thus the Concert of Europe continued.

When the Untied Nations succeeded the League of Nations, the special status and responsibilities of the big powers that had been reflected in the League's council transferred to the United Nations Security Council (UNSO). Like its predecessor, the UNSC is the main peacekeeping organ and includes permanent membership for the big five powers (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Each of the major powers can cast a veto that, as a lone vote, can block Security Council action.

Functional Cooperation

The third branch of the root system lies in the specialized agencies that deal with specific, generally nonpolitical economic and social problems. The growth of specialized IGOs and NGOs has been phenomenal. This aspect of international activity is also reflected in the UN through the specialized agencies associated with the world body.

Текст 5.

United Nations Organisation (UNO, UN)

UN is an international organisation established by charter on October 24, 1945, with the purposes of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights and self-determination, and encouraging international co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. The United Nations’ headquarters are now located at the UN Building in New York City.

The General Assembly includes representatives of all members of the UN. A nation may send up to five representatives but still has only one vote. Decisions are reached either by majority or by two-thirds vote, depending upon the subject matter.

The General Assembly works through the committee system and receives reports from the various councils. It is convened yearly or by special session when necessary.

The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members – United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China – and 10 nonpermanent members. The council functions continuously and is mainly concerned with the maintenance of international security. The presidency is rotated among members each month.

Nonpermanent members are chosen from groups and regions in the most equitable fashion possible. Nine votes (including those of all five permanent members) are sufficient to carry a Security Council Decision, but any permanent member may exercise a veto over any substantive proposal. Any state, even if it is not a member of the United Nations, may bring a dispute to which it is a party to the notice of the Security Council.

The Secretariat is the administrative department of the UN, headed by the secretary-general, who functions in a position of political importance and is appointed for a five-year term by both the General Assembly and the Security Council. The Secretariat influences the work of the United Nations to a degree much greater than indicated in the UN Charter.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations created to contribute to world peace by promoting international collaboration in education, science, and culture. The activities of UNESCO are mainly facilitative; the organisation attempts to assist, support, and complement national efforts of member states in the elimination of illiteracy and the extension of free education and seeks to encourage free exchange of ideas and knowledge among peoples and nations of the world by providing clearing-house and exchange services. The permanent headquarters of UNESCO are in Paris.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

NATO is a security organization comprised of member states from Western and Central Europe and North America.

From the beginning, NATO’s primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies’ military response in case the Soviet Union invaded Western Europe in an effort to extend communism there. After the end of the Cold War the NATO adhered more strongly to its original purpose of maintaining international stability in Europe. NATO headquarters are in Brussels.

Organisation of American States (OAS)

OAS was formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation among the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. Its main goals are to prevent any outside state’s intervention in the Western Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the hemisphere. OAS is based in Washington, D.C.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in the Southeast Asia region. The end of the Cold War allowed the ASEAN nations to exercise greater political latitude in the region. As they began to implement new policies, member nations saw their influence and economies grow. A permanent secretariat resides in Jakarta, Indonesia.

South Pacific Forum

South Pacific Forum was created to provide a forum for heads of government to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific. The Forum is headquartered in Suva, Fiji.

Текст 6.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS FOR PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS

Commission on Human Rights

Commission on Human Rights has been the central architect of the work of the United Nations in the field of human rights.

Commission on Human Rights procedures and mechanisms are mandated to examine, monitor and publicly report either on human rights situations in specific countries or on major phenomena of human rights violations world-wide. The main themes addressed by the Commission are: the right to development; the question of the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in any part of the world; economic, social, and cultural rights; civil and political rights, including freedom of expression, the independence of the judiciary, impunity and religious intolerance.

Amnesty International

Amnesty International seeks to inform public opinion about violations of human rights, especially the abridgements of freedom of speech and of religion and the imprisonment and torture of political dissidents, and which actively seeks the release of political prisoners and the relief, when necessary, of their families. Aside from generally publicising governmental wrongdoing in newsletters, annual reports, and background papers, Amnesty International relies strongly on the world-wide distribution of ‘adoption groups’, each of which, staffed by three to eight persons, takes on a limited number of cases of ‘prisoners of conscience’ and barrages the offending government with letters of protest until the prisoners are released. Amnesty International is headquartered in London. Amnesty International’s logo is a burning candle wrapped in barbed wire.

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organisation dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. Human Rights Watch believes that international standards of human rights apply to all people equally, and that sharp vigilance and timely protest can prevent the tragedies of the twentieth century from recurring. It stands with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. It investigates and exposes human rights violations and holds abusers accountable.

2. Зробити переклад одного з текстів на англійську мову.

Текст 1.