- •Chapter I accounting as a career. The basic accounting concepts
- •Text a the field of accounting
- •Exercises
- •VII. Read the text and describe four major accounting job categories.
- •Internal auditors
- •Becoming an accountant
- •Text b accounting concepts
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text the words to complete the following phrases and use them in the sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. What do the following abbreviations mean? Check the answers in the article below.
- •International accounting
- •IV. The article in Ex. III mentions four basic principles of accounting. Match them to the definitions below.
- •V. Complete the following statements and explain your choice.
- •VI Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Revise the information given in Unit 1 and test yourself. Discuss your choice with your partner.
- •IX. Summarize the following texts in 50 words.
- •Situations for discussion
- •Chapter II the accounting process
- •Text a starting an accounting system
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Task 1. Complete the text using the words and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Fill in the missing prepositions. Translate the passages into Ukrainian.
- •V. Complete the following words.
- •VI. Fill in the missing words (choose from the box). Translate the passage into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text b double-entry bookkeeping system
- •Exercises
- •II. Test yourself.
- •IV. Summarize the text in 50 words
- •Situations for discussion
- •Chapter III financial statements
- •Text a the balance sheet
- •Intangible Assets
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. What kind of assets is each of the following? Which three are not assets? Explain your choice.
- •V. Accountants use different terms to denote the same notions. Match these accounting terms with the definitions below and translate them into English.
- •Intangible assets
- •VI. Fill in the missing entries in the Balance Sheet below. Choose from the following.
- •In the company’s books:
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •Text b the profit and loss account (the income statement) the cash-flow statement
- •Exercises
- •I. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following phrases and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the terms to their definitions.
- •V. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from the box.
- •VI. Here is a letter from a firm of accountants to a client. Complete the letter by inserting the missing phrases. Choose from the box below.
- •VII Task 1. Insert the following words in the gaps in the text and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Insert the following expressions in the gaps in the text and translate it into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Match up the following British and American terms.
- •X. Task 1. Read the text and say what the best way to make the meaning of a company’s ratios clear is.
- •XI. Match the ratios listed in the text with their main functions.
- •Figure 3-3. The general scheme of interrelation of the Chart of Accounts and basic forms of financial reporting
- •XIII. Translate into English.
- •XIV. Revise the information given in Chapter III and decide which of these statements are true or false. Discuss the answers with your partner.
- •Situations for discussion
- •I. Read what different people say about financial statements and fill in the gaps with the words which are given below.
- •II. Which do you think are the two or three most important financial ratios? Why? chapter IV auditing
- •Introduction to auditing
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III Answer the following questions.
- •IV. What does an auditor do? Look at the following activities and decide which ones are normally done internally or externally.
- •V. Read passages describing some important aspects of general technology of auditing and answer the following questions.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. Say what risks an auditor must consider and what each type of the risks involve.
- •VII. Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions: What is the role of evidence? How are different kinds of evidence classified?
- •Task 1. Number the following words or expressions given in the box with their underlined equivalents in the text and translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text b auditor’s report
- •Auditor’s report on financial statements
- •Unqualified Opinion report
- •Qualified Opinion report
- •Disclaimer of Opinion report
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations and translate the sentences in which they are used.
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Make sentences of your own with these phrases.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Fill in the missing prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Choose from the box.
- •V. Uncertainty Expression Terminology.
- •VI. Match the following terms (1-14) with the correct definition (a-n) on the right.
- •VII Read this example of an extract from an independent auditors’ report in the usa and answer the questions.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Summaries the text in about 50 words.
- •Situations for discussion
Figure 3-3. The general scheme of interrelation of the Chart of Accounts and basic forms of financial reporting
The first six classes provide information necessary for preparing a balance sheet. Their purpose is to represent availability, state and changes in assets, owner’s equity and liabilities. Classes of accounts 7, 8, 9 are transit and intended for accounting income, expenses and activity results of an enterprise, and for preparing an income statement.
The financial report is to be authentic. Therefore, before preparing the financial report it is mandatory to make an inventory of an enterprise’s assets and liabilities and to document their availability, state and assessment.
The annual financial statements of enterprises (except for budgetary institutions, small business entities and representative offices of non-residents) comprise the following:
Balance sheet;
Income statement;
Cash flow statement;
Owner’s equity statement;
Notes to the annual financial statements.
A calendar year is the reporting period for preparing financial reports. The interim financial reports are to be prepared quarterly as a part of the balance sheet and income statement with the running total beginning in the reporting year. Enterprises, which have subsidiaries, in addition to financial reports on their own economic operations, are to prepare and present the consolidated financial statement to owners (founders).
XIII. Translate into English.
Метою складання Звіту про фінансові результати є надання користувачам повної, правдивої і неупередженої інформації про доходи, витрати, прибутки та збитки від діяльності підприємства за звітний період.
За умови, що оцінка доходу може бути достовірно визначена, дохід у Звіті про фінансові результати відображають у момент надходження активу або погашення зобов'язання, яке приводить до збільшення власного капіталу підприємства (крім зростання капіталу за рахунок внесків учасників).
За умови, що оцінка витрат може бути достовірно визначена, витрати відображаються у Звіті про фінансові результати в момент вибуття активу або збільшення зобов'язання, яке призводить до зменшення власного капіталу підприємства (крім зменшення капіталу за рахунок його вилучення чи розподілу власниками).
Звіт про фінансові результати складається з трьох розділів:
І. Фінансові результати.
II. Елементи операційних витрат.
III. Розрахунок показників прибутковості акцій.
Фінансові результати формуються на підставі визначення фінансових результатів від усіх видів діяльності. Виділяють такі види діяльності: операційна, інша і надзвичайна.
Операційна діяльність — основна діяльність підприємства, а також інші види діяльності, що не є інвестиційною або фінансовою діяльністю.
До основної діяльності підприємств належать виробництво і/або реалізація продукції, товарів, робіт, послуг, які здійснюються на підставі статуту підприємства; до іншої діяльності підприємств — продаж або оренда основних засобів, нематеріальних активів, виробничих запасів, доходи від операційних курсових різниць.
Інша діяльність — доходи від інвестиційної або фінансової діяльності (дивіденди, відсотки та інші доходи; участь у дочірніх підприємствах тощо).
Надзвичайна діяльність — події та операції, які неможливо передбачити в межах звичайної діяльності; вони відбуваються без участі підприємства і нерегулярно (повені, зсуви, землетруси, пожежі, аварії).
