National economy of the usa

The American economy is a free enterprise system that has been grown up from the labour of millions of American workers; and from the activities of government officials at all levels who have undertaken the tasks to make the Americans' quality of life the best one and living standards high.

The United States of America is a highly developed industrial country. It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are the production of aircrafts, cars, computers and other hi-tech equipment,. Together, all sectors of the American economy produce almost $5,000 billion worth of goods and services annually, and each year they turn out almost twenty five times more.

The government has strongly supported the development of transportation. It financed the major canal systems and later the railroads and the airlines, making the country's transport network the best one. It checks the purity of foods and drugs, insures bank deposits and guarantees long-term loans and mortgages to its citizens.

American industries have become increasingly more service-oriented. Of 16 million new jobs created lately, almost 85 per cent have been in service industries: selling, stocks and goods speculations, hotel and tourism services, financial and auditor's advice, medical services and others.

Recently, unemployment in the USA was calculated at about 7 per cent, but the government provides short-term unemployment compensation to replace wages losses between jobs; and, in addition, it provides job training to help unemployed Americans.

Business correspondence. Types of business letters.

Business communication takes place in the context of people and organizations transacting business.

Business correspondence or business letter is a written communication between two parties. A business letter is a letter written in formal language, usually used when writing from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such organizations and their customers, clients. The overall style of letter will depend on the relationship between the parties concerned.

A memo is a document typically used for communication within a company. Memos can be as formal as a business letter and used to present a report. However, the heading and overall tone make a memo different from a business letter.

A fax is the telephonic transmission of scanned-in printed material usually to a telephone number associated with a printer or other output device.

An e-mail is a document transmitted electronically from the user's computer or terminal to an information service. Accountants and their clients can take advantage of electronic mail to transmit essential messages.

Notices are used to inform people about changes of plan, instructions or warnings. A notice needs a clear heading. Information must be presented in a clear, concise form. The tone of notices is usually rather formal and impersonal. It must have the name and position of the person who wrote it, and the date.

Two essential elements in every communication situation are the sender and the receiver. The sender is anyone who wishes to convey an idea to others, to seek information, or to express a thought or emotion. The receiver is the person to whom the message is sent.

Structure of business letters.

The sender's address is usually placed in the top right corner of the letter. The date is written on the right, one line below the sender's address. The recipient's address starts on the same line as the date or one line below the date.

Salutation is written at the beginning of a letter or other form of communication.

Body of the letter

An opening is the phrase or sentence that explains the reason for writing. The following paragraphs explain your reasons for writing in more detail, provide background information etc.

The closing phrase summarizes your reason for writing again and makes clear what you want the recipient to do.

If you wish to enclose documents, you can either list all enclosed documents separately or just write the word 'Enclosure' below the signature.

BUSINESS

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languagesTraditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition we will look at its various parts.

First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore Into metal car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange lor money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, in activities which a person or group performs for another person

or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale. However, there is one another important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the traditional meaning of the word "business"?

2. What definition has it (business) now?

3. What is production? Give an example of production.

4. How does distribution differ from sale?

5. What is service?