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  1. Analyze grammar in the underlined words and word combinations (in writing).

  1. Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 17

1. Read and translate the text in writing.

File sharing

A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a Web site or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks.

In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user authentication; the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption and money may change hands before or after access to the file is given. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example a credit card whose details are also passed—hopefully fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests.

These simple features of the Internet, over a world-wide basis, are changing the basis for the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products in that country.

Internet collaboration technology enables business and project teams to share documents, calendars and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing.

Many existing radio and television broadcasters provide Internet 'feeds' of their live audio and video streams. They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features.

  1. Analyze grammar in the underlined words and word combinations (in writing).

  1. Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 18

1. Read and translate the text in writing.

Presence is Here Today

Presence is an emerging technology that can provide real benefits in accelerating communication and collaboration between people.

A traditional model of presence is seen in today's computer-based instant messaging (IM) applications. If you are online and want a quick back-and-forth communication with a friend or colleague, IM is a fast and easy alternative to e-mail. One valuable aspect of IM is the capability to see on your display whether your friend or colleague is currently logged on to the network and whether there has been any recent typing on his or her personal computer. This presence information allows individuals to share information about their status with others on the network. If a colleague is online and active, you can type and send your message. It will pop up on the recipient's screen instantly, and a reply will probably appear on your screen within seconds. If you had used e-mail instead, you would not know whether your recipient was online, or present, to read your message, nor should you necessarily expect to see a response to your message any time soon.

Most likely, your mobile phone has caller ID but does not support presence or availability features. Specifically, caller ID does not help the caller place the call at the best time for you to receive it. The caller does not know whether your phone is turned on, or whether you are available and interested in receiving a call. If you are busy, the caller must wait for the ring sequence, listen to your greeting, and leave a message.

On many occasions, callers are satisfied with leaving a voicemail message. They may prefer not to speak live to the recipient, or they consider an issue resolved because they have passed on the necessary information. That approach is acceptable for many tasks, and there are many situations in which a simple one-way message is sufficient. But if you actually need to speak to someone and require a live conversation, you want your call answered.