- •Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •Read and translate the text in writing. Colour television
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- •Computer Memory
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- •Communications Channels
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- •Wide Area Networks
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- •Computer criminals
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- •System Board
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- •Types of cables
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- •Remote access
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- •File sharing
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- •Presence is Here Today
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- •Improving the Effectiveness of Business Communications
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- •Telephone
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- •Computer Viruses
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- •The beginning of electric telegraphy
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- •System Board
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- •Electricity
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- •Types of viruses
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- •Personal Computer (pc)
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- •International Telegraph Union (itu)
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System Board
The system board is also called the motherboard.
It consists of a flat board that usually contains the CPU and some memory chips. A chip consists of a tiny circuit board etched on a small square of sand like material called silicon. A chip is also called a silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit. Chips are mounted on carrier packages, which then plug into sockets on the system board. In addition, system boards usually contain expansion slots, as we describe in another few paragraphs.
Microprocessor Chips
In a microcomputer, the CPU is contained on a single silicon chip called the microprocessor—"microscopic processor." Different microprocessors have different capabilities.
Some chips or "families" of chips have become famous as the basis for several important lines of microcomputers. However, they are known by distinctly names: Their names are just their product numbers.
Chip capacities are often expressed in word sizes. A word is the number of bits (such as 16, 32, or 64) that can be accessed at one time by the CPU. The more bits in a word, the more powerful - and the faster - the computer. A 32-bit-word computer can access 4 bytes at a time. A 64-bit-word computer can access 8 bytes at a time. Therefore, the 64-bit computer is faster.
Microcomputers process data and instructions in millionths of a second, or microseconds. Supercomputers, by contrast, operate at speeds measured in nanoseconds and even picoseconds - 1 thousand to 1 million times as fast as microcomputers.
As we mentioned, the growing power of microprocessor chips is what is changing everything about microcomputers. Intel's Pentium Pro chip, for example, is twice as powerful as its predecessor. Intel's new microprocessor, code-named P55C, promises multimedia capabilities that far exceed the Pentium Pro. Motorola's Power PC chip used in Apple's Power PC Macintosh 710 is four times faster than its predecessor.
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CISC Chips: The most common type of microprocessor is CISC ("complex instruction set computer"). This design was popularized by Intel and is the basis for their line of microprocessors. It is the most widely used chip design and has thousands of programs written specifically for it. Intel's Pentium is a recent CISC chip.
RISC Chips: RISC ("reduced instruction set computer") chips use fewer instructions. The design is becoming more widely used. This design is simpler, faster, and less costly than CISC chips. A recent Motorola chip developed with IBM and Apple is the Power PC chip. Two other recent RISC chips are Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) Alpha chip and MIPS' R4400 chip. These chips are used in many of today's most powerful microcomputers.
The major advantage of the CISC chip is that it can run a large number of existing application programs. However, this advantage is offset somewhat by special programs called emulation programs. Emulation programs allow RISC chips to run CISC application programs. Unfortunately, the RISC advantage in speed is lost when the emulation programs are used. Another approach taken by two competitors to Intel's Pentium chip is to produce "RISC-like" chips. These chips are based on the CISC design but incorporate some of the techniques used in RISC chips. They can run applications designed for CISC chips with speeds comparable to RISC chips. Two such chips are AMD's K5 and Cyrix's 6X86 chips.
Some specialized processor chips are available. One example is the tiny built-in microprocessor used in smart cards. Smart cards are about the size of a credit card. They can be used to hold health insurance information, frequent flier records, or driver license information, to name a few. While this technology has been around for some time, it has received more attention lately. President Clinton has suggested a National Health Security smart card for all individuals. This card would be used for a number of applications, including monitoring federal financial assistance programs.