- •Read and translate the text in writing.
- •Analyze grammar in the underlined words and word combinations (in writing).
- •Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 2
- •Read and translate the text in writing. Colour television
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- •Read and translate the text in writing. Storing information
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- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
- •Computer Memory
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- •Communications Channels
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- •Wide Area Networks
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- •Computer criminals
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- •System Board
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- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 11
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
- •Types of cables
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- •Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 12
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 13
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 14
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 15
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing.
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- •Remote access
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- •File sharing
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- •Presence is Here Today
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- •Improving the Effectiveness of Business Communications
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- •Telephone
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- •Computer Viruses
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- •The beginning of electric telegraphy
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- •System Board
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- •Electricity
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- •Types of viruses
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- •Personal Computer (pc)
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- •International Telegraph Union (itu)
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Analyze grammar in the underlined words and word combinations (in writing).
Make up 5 questions of different types to the text (in writing). Text 11
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Types of cables
Most communications cables consist of conductors (metal wires that carry electric current) and insulation. Metals commonly used as conductors include copper and aluminum. Insulation holds the electricity in the conductors, protects the conductors, and metal shielding prevents interference. Interference occurs when a conductor picks up stray electricity from other conductors or from the air. Insulation is made from such nonconducting materials as plastic and paper pulp.
Simple cables are made up of a single pair of insulated wires twisted together. Multiconductor cables, such as telephone lines, contain hundreds – or even thousands —of conductors bound together. In many cases, multiconductor cables are enclosed in a heavy sheath made up of several layers of aluminum or plastic. Some thick cables also contain steel wire to provide strength.
Communications cables are laid underground along the ocean floor, or they are mounted on poles. Burying cable protects it from harsh weather and keeps the land uncluttered. As a result, few new communications cables are strung above ground today. Submarine cables serve as a communications link between continents. These cables need tough outer coverings so that they can withstand strong ocean currents.
Most cables are designed to carry more than one message at a time.
Engineers have developed two kinds of cables that can carry especially large quantities of messages at once. They are (1) coaxial cables and (2) fiber optic cables.
Coaxial cables are made up of special conductors called coaxials. A coaxial is a copper tube with a copper wire running through its centre. Insulation holds the wire in place. The tube and the wire have the same axis (centre) and are therefore called coaxial. Atypical coaxial has about the same diameter as a pencil, and a typical coaxial cable contains 22 coaxials.
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Memory Chips
There are two well-known types of memory chips. One type is called RAM. The other type is ROM. RAM (random-access memory) chips hold the program and data that the CPU is presently processing. That is, it is temporary or volatile storage. (Secondary storage is permanent storage, such as the data stored on diskettes. Data from this kind of storage must be loaded into RAM before it can be used.)
RAM is called temporary because as soon as the microcomputer is turned off, everything in RAM is lost. It is also lost if there is a power failure that disrupts the electric current going to the microcomputer. For this reason, as we mentioned earlier, it is a good idea to save your work in progress. That is, if you are working on a document or a spreadsheet, every few minutes you should save, or store, the material.
In addition, when programs or data are written, or encoded, to RAM, the previous contents of RAM are lost. This is called the destructive write process. However, when programs and data are read, or retrieved, from RAM, their contents are not destroyed. Rather, the read process simply makes a copy of those contents. Consequently, this activity is called the nondestructive read process.
RAM storage is frequently expressed in megabytes. Thus, a microcomputer with 16MB RAM has memory that will hold about 16 million characters of data and programs.
Knowing the amount of RAM is important! Some software programs may require more memory capacity than a particular microcomputer offers. For instance, Excel for Windows 95 requires 6MB of RAM. Additional RAM is needed to hold any data. However, many microcomputers - particularly older ones - may not have enough memory to hold the program, much less work with it.