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- •Computer Memory
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- •Communications Channels
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- •Wide Area Networks
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- •Computer criminals
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- •System Board
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- •Types of cables
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- •Remote access
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- •File sharing
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- •Presence is Here Today
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- •Improving the Effectiveness of Business Communications
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- •Telephone
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- •Computer Viruses
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- •The beginning of electric telegraphy
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- •System Board
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- •Electricity
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- •Types of viruses
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- •Personal Computer (pc)
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- •International Telegraph Union (itu)
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International Telegraph Union (itu)
It is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was created to encourage international cooperation in all forms of telecommunication. Its activities include maintaining order in the allocation of radio frequencies, setting standards on technical and operational matters, and assisting countries in developing their own telecommunication systems.
The origin of the ITU can be traced to 1865, when the International Telegraph Union was established by a convention signed in Paris. The International Telecommunication Convention of 1932, which merged the International Telegraph Convention and the International Radiotelegraph Convention, provided that the International Telecommunication Union would succeed the International Telegraph Union when the convention became effective in 1934.
It was made a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1947, and the convention has been revised several times.
The organization of the ITU includes:
(1) the Plenipotentiary Conference, which is the supreme organ of the ITU and meets every four years;
(2) World Administrative Conferences, which meet according to technical needs;
(3) the ITU Council, which meets annually and is responsible for executing decisions of the Plenipotentiary Conference;
(4) the General Secretariat, responsible for administrative and financial services;
(5) the Radio communications Sector, which was formed by the merger of those activities of the former International Consultative Radio Committee and the former International Frequency Registration Board that were concerned with the assignment of radio frequencies;
(6) the Telecommunication Standardization Sector, which was formed by the merger of the former International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee with the standards-setting activities of the International Consultative Radio Committee and conducts technical studies and sets international standards for telecommunications.
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MODEM
Modem, device that enables computers, facsimile machines, and other equipment to communicate with each other across telephone lines or over cable television network cables. In the strictest sense, a modem is a device that converts between analog signals, such as sound waves, and digital signals, which are used by computers. However, the term has also come to include devices that permit the transmission of entirely digital signals. Modems transmit data at different speeds, measured by the number of bits of data they send per second (bps). A 28.8 Kbps modem sends data at 28,800 bits per second. A 56 Kbps modem is twice as fast, sending and receiving data at a rate of 56,000 bits per second.
An analog modem converts the digital signals of the sending computer to analog signals that can be transmitted through telephone lines. When the signal reaches its destination, another modem reconstructs the original digital signal, which is processed by the receiving computer. A standard analog modem has a maximum speed of 33.6 Kbps.
The word modem is an acronym formed from the two basic functions of an analog modem: modulation and demodulation. To convert a digital signal to an analog one, the modem generates a carrier wave and modulates, or adjusts, it according to the digital signal. The kind of modulation used depends on the application and the speed of operation for which the modem is designed. For example, many high-speed modems use a combination of amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed to encode the digital information, and phase modulation, in which the phase of the carrier wave is changed to encode the digital information. The process of receiving the analog signal and converting it back to a digital signal is called demodulation.
Cable modems permit the transmission of data over community antenna television (CATV) networks—that is, the network of cables used to distribute cable television. A cable modem transmits data from the network at about 3 Mbps and transmits data to the network at between 500 Kbps and 2.5 Mbps. Like a standard analog modem, a cable modem converts between a digital signal and an analog signal. Cable modems are much more complex than standard analog modems. They also incorporate a tuner that separates the digital data from the rest of the broadcast television signal.