- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
40ºN
50ºN
REYKJAVIK
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
ATPL GROUND TRAINING SERIES
50ºW
GANDER
SHANWICK
NEW |
YORK |
|
SANTA |
MARIA |
|
30ºN
40ºW
I Introduction
Introduction I
© CAE Oxford Aviation Academy (UK) Limited 2014
All Rights Reserved
This text book is to be used only for the purpose of private study by individuals and may not be reproduced in any form or medium, copied, stored in a retrieval system, lent, hired, rented, transmitted or adapted in whole or in part without the prior written consent of CAE Oxford Aviation Academy.
Copyright in all documents and materials bound within these covers or attached hereto, excluding that material which is reproduced by the kind permission of third parties and acknowledged as such, belongs exclusively to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy.
Certain copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
This text book has been written and published as a reference work to assist students enrolled on an approved EASA Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) course to prepare themselves for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations. Nothing in the content of this book is to be interpreted as constituting instruction or advice relating to practical flying.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this book, neither CAE Oxford Aviation Academy nor the distributor gives any warranty as to its accuracy or otherwise. Students preparing for the EASA ATPL (A) theoretical knowledge examinations should not regard this book as a substitute for the EASA ATPL (A) theoretical knowledge training syllabus published in the current edition of ‘Part-FCL 1’ (the Syllabus). The Syllabus constitutes the sole authoritative definition of the subject matter to be studied in an EASA ATPL (A) theoretical knowledge training programme. No student should prepare for, or is currently entitled to enter himself/herself for the EASA ATPL (A) theoretical knowledge examinations without first being enrolled in a training school which has been granted approval by an EASA authorised national aviation authority to deliver EASA ATPL
(A) training.
CAE Oxford Aviation Academy excludes all liability for any loss or damage incurred or suffered as a result of any reliance on all or part of this book except for any liability for death or personal injury resulting from CAE Oxford Aviation Academy’s negligence or any other liability which may not legally be excluded.
Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co. Pte Ltd
ii
Introduction I
Textbook Series
Book |
Title |
Subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
010 Air Law |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
020 |
Aircraft General Knowledge 1 |
Airframes & Systems |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fuselage, Wings & Stabilising Surfaces |
|
|
|
Landing Gear |
|
|
|
Flight Controls |
|
|
|
Hydraulics |
|
|
|
Air Systems & Air Conditioning |
|
|
|
Anti-icing & De-icing |
|
|
|
Fuel Systems |
|
|
|
Emergency Equipment |
|
|
|
|
3 |
020 |
Aircraft General Knowledge 2 |
Electrics – Electronics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Direct Current |
|
|
|
Alternating Current |
|
|
|
|
4 |
020 |
Aircraft General Knowledge 3 |
Powerplant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Piston Engines |
|
|
|
Gas Turbines |
|
|
|
|
5 |
020 |
Aircraft General Knowledge 4 |
Instrumentation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Flight Instruments |
|
|
|
Warning & Recording |
|
|
|
Automatic Flight Control |
|
|
|
Power Plant & System Monitoring Instruments |
|
|
|
|
6 |
030 |
Flight Performance & Planning 1 |
Mass & Balance |
|
|
|
Performance |
|
|
|
|
7 |
030 |
Flight Performance & Planning 2 |
Flight Planning & Monitoring |
|
|
|
|
8 |
040 Human Performance & Limitations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
050 Meteorology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
060 |
Navigation 1 |
General Navigation |
|
|
|
|
11 |
060 |
Navigation 2 |
Radio Navigation |
|
|
|
|
12 |
070 Operational Procedures |
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
080 |
Principles of Flight |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
090 Communications |
VFR Communications |
|
|
|
|
IFR Communications |
Introduction I
iii
I Introduction
Introduction I
iv
Introduction I
Contents
ATPL Book 12 Operational Procedures
1. |
ICAO Annex 6 |
|
1 |
2. |
EU-OPS General Requirements |
|
9 |
3. |
Operator Supervision and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . |
21 |
4. |
Operational Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
. 33 |
5. |
All Weather Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
. 51 |
6. |
Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments |
|
71 |
7. |
Crew, Logs and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
. 91 |
8. |
Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
111 |
9. |
Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace (MNPSA) . . . . . . |
. |
117 |
10. |
Special Operational Procedures and Hazards |
|
143 |
11. |
Fire and Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
.157 |
12. |
Pressurization Failure |
|
169 |
13. |
Windshear and Microburst |
|
177 |
14. |
Wake Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . |
185 |
15. |
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
195 |
16. |
Emergency and Precautionary Landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
201 |
17. |
Fuel Jettison |
|
211 |
18. |
Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air |
|
217 |
19. |
Contaminated Runways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
231 |
20. |
Revision Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. |
241 |
21. |
Index |
|
259 |
Introduction I
v
I Introduction
Introduction I
Introduction
The subject ‘Operational Procedures’ is concerned with the operation of aircraft in the commercial air transport role by airlines (Operators) having their primary place of business in an EASA member state. The EASA document, which details the applicable procedures, is CSOPS, which is based on the ICAO, published Annex 6 (Operation of Aircraft) to the Chicago Convention.
Operational Procedures covers part of the Air Law syllabus but in much greater depth and with specific reference to the JAA requirements whereas Air Law is primarily concerned with ICAO rules and regulations (Standards and Recommended Practices). The main references for Operational Procedures (Annex 6 and CS-OPS) are both documents which are amended at regular intervals and reflect modern technology and commercial practices in the aviation world. It is inevitable that any other document based on these references will not be able to be amended and therefore, these notes, which meet the requirements of the ATPL Theoretical Knowledge syllabus of the ATPL(A) must not be used for any regulatory purpose.
In compiling these notes, reference has been made to the following documents:
CS-OPS 1 |
|
EASA CS 25 |
|
ICAO Annex 2 |
Rules of the Air |
ICAO Annex 6 |
Operation of Aircraft |
ICAO Annex 8 |
Airworthiness of Aircraft |
ICAO Annex 9 |
Facilitation |
ICAO Annex 11 |
Air Traffic Services |
ICAO Annex 14 |
Aerodromes |
ICAO Annex 15 |
Aeronautical Information Services |
ICAO Annex 17 |
Security |
ICAO Annex 18 |
Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air |
ICAO Doc 7030 |
Regional Supplementary Procedures |
ICAO Doc 4444 |
PANS Air Traffic Management |
ICAO NAT MNPS |
Ops Manual |
Supporting information for cross-reference and clarification has been taken from:
Aerad En Route Supplement
Aircrew Manual Boeing 747-400
CAP 168 - Licensing of Aerodromes
CAP 493 - Manual of Air Traffic Services
Pilot Notes and Checklists - PA28
UK AIP (including AICs)
vi