40. King's bench or queen's bench

1. The Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench derived from the royal court first established by William the Conqueror in the eleventh century. The royal court, called the curia regis, was not a judicial body in the modern sense.

2. Rather, it was an assembly of English lords and noblemen that resolved matters of special importance to the king. As the king traveled about England, the royal court followed, advising him and deciding cases.

3. The royal court was reorganized by the Crown in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and renamed the Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench.

4. This court existed as an alternative to the Court of Common Pleas, which was comprised of professional judges. At first the two courts heard different types of cases. However, over the course of several centuries, the Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench expanded its jurisdiction to hear virtually any case.

5. This encroached on the power of the Court of Common Pleas, and the two courts competed for cases.

6. In 1873 Parliament abolished the Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench—then under Queen Victoria—and merged it into the High Court of Justice as the King's Bench Division.

7. The King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice is empowered to hear appeals of certain cases. The High Court of Justice is akin to a U.S. trial court. It has two other divisions: the Family Division and the Chancery Division.

II Finish up the sentences by adding one of the fragments.

1.

#1. The trial was expected (...)5

#2. Yesterday the courtroom (...)4

#3. I thanked the solicitor for (...)7

#4. The solicitor had to prepare the case yesterday, (...)8

#5. The solicitor looked tired as if he (...)1

1) ... had prepared all the documents already.

2) ... didn't he?

3) ... start on Monday.

4) ... was full of newspapermen.

5) …to start on Monday.

6) ... prepared all the documents already.

7) …preparing the case for the trial.

8) …hadn't he?

2.

#1. I've just bought the textbooks (...)8

#2. I wondered if that textbook (...)5

#3. The bought textbook on the theory of state and law (...)1

#4. At this time tomorrow I (...)4

#5. I wish I were a university professor and (...)6

1) ... was written last year.

2) ... shall have been written by the end of the term.

3) ... to write by university professors.

4) ... shall be writing my course paper in civil law.

5) ... had been written by Prof. Rabinovych.

6) ... could write new textbooks in law.

7) ... to have been written last academic year.

8) ... written by well-known professors in civil law.

3.

#1. We wrote an appeal to the Court of Appeals (...)4

#2.I was writing an appeal (...)5

#3. Having written the appeal (...)8

#4. The lawyer made me (...)1

#5. I wish (...)7

1) ... write an appeal to a higher court.

2) ... before my lawyer came.

3) ... to rewrite this appeal.

4) ... two days ago.

5) ... from 5 till 7 yesterday.

6) … when she had called me.

7) ... I were not so busy writing the appeal now.

8) … I checked it carefully.

4.

#1. Ann has been studying (...)7

#2. Ann had been studying (...)5

#3. Ann is very clever. We believe she will be able (...)8

#4. Ann always studies in the evening and what about you? (...)2

#5. Ann is proud of (...)1

1) ... studying law at Oxford University.

2) ... So do I.

3) ... should have studied yesterday

4) … So am I.

5) ... for three hours before we came.

6) ... study at Oxford University.

7) ... for three hours. She may be very tired.

8) ... to study law at Oxford University.

5.

#1. While I was checking my e-mail (...)8

#2. I wanted him (...)1

#3. If he is not busy tomorrow (...)7

#4. The article will have been translated (...)3

#5. If he had worked very hard (...)5

1) ... to translate this article about current elections.

2) ... he has been translating.

3) ... by the time you come.

4) ... he were translating this article about current elections.

5) ... he would have translated these texts from Legal English textbook without any mistakes.

6) ... translating the text on the US court system.

7) ... he will help you to translate the article about elections.

8) ... he was translating the text on the US court system.

6.

#1. When I entered the courtroom (...)5

#2. If you had asked your lawyer yesterday (...)6

#3. As soon as he comes (...)7

#4. The prosecutor made (...)1

#5. The judge had been explaining every witness his/her rights (...)3

1) ... the witness explain everything to the jury.

2) ... the judge is explaining how the trial will be conducted.

3) ... since the cross examination began.

4) ... to explain everything to me.

5) ... the judge was explaining how the trial would be conducted.

6) ... he would have explained you that article of the Criminal Code.

7) ... I'll explain everything to him.

8) … he will have explained everything.

7.

#1. I have already passed the Bar Final examination, and what about you? (...)5

#2. I'm not sure (…)7

#3. We shall be passing our Law Society Final examination (...)4

#4. He said (...)5

#5. If you had worked harder last term (...)6

1) ... since morning.

2) ... he had passed all the professional examinations.

3) ... Neither have I.

4) ... at this time tomorrow.

5) ... So have I.

6) ... you wouldn't have failed the exam. Shame on you!

7) ... whether he will be able to pass the professional exam.

8) ... he have passed all the exams.

8.

#1. If the librarian comes the students (...)3

#2. The lecturers made the students (...)4

#3. The law students are looking forward to (...)7

#4. Usually the books (...)5

#5. By the beginning of the academic year all the necessary textbooks (...)8

... borrowed all the books in their subjects from the library.

... to borrow books from the academic library.

... will be able to borrow the books from the library.

.... borrow all the books in their subjects from the library.

... are borrowed by the students at the beginning of a term.

... are borrowing the books from the library now.

.... borrowing the textbooks in law from the academic library.

8) ... had been borrowed by the students.

9.

#1. She can (...)5

#2. I wondered (...)8

#3. In the evening while I was preparing for the seminar (...)2

#4. All the mistakes (...)7

#5. If you made a mistake (...)3

1) ... was corrected by the teacher.

2) ... she was correcting mistakes in the final draft of her course paper.

3) ... the teacher would correct it.

4) ... being corrected.

5) ... correct all the mistakes in her course paper herself.

6) ... to correct all mistakes in your course paper.

7) ... were corrected by the teacher.

8) ... who had corrected all the mistakes in his course paper.

10.

#1. If I were you (...)6

#2. We wondered (...)7

#3. As soon as you read materials of this case (...)1

#4. If he had read the materials of this case (...)2

#5. She had been in that job of a solicitor for ten years (...)5

1) ... give them back to me.

2) ... he would have given them back to you.

3) … I shall act differently.

4) … to give them back to me.

5) … before she left it last year.

6) … I should act differently.

7) … how he was progressing in his new job in the law department of a large commercial enterprise.

8) … before she has left the position.

11.

#1. They accused me (…)3

#2. Our next door neighbour was arrested (...)1

#3. Three people have been charged (…)7

#4. She denied (…)5

#5. I doubt whether (…)2

for shoplifting.

she's guilty.

of shoplifting.

with theft.

stealing the clothes.

to be guilty.

by shoplifting.

she's guilt.

12.

#1. I caught glimpse (…)8

#2. My friends made me (…)6

#3. She says she was made (…)7

#4. It is illegal for (…)5

#5. It is necessary (…)4

to stealing something from the shop.

to someone shoplifting.

with stealing something from the shop.

that witnesses should tell the truth in court.

someone to steal something from the shop.

steal something from the shop.

to steal something from the shop.

of someone shoplifting.

13.

#1. All twelve members of the jury were convinced (...)8

#2. I don't think I'd ever (…)3

#3. A psychiatrist was called (...)6

#4. Everyone should have the right (...)7

#5. If you break the law, you deserve (...)5

with the defendant's guilt.

make a serious crime.

commit a serious crime.

as an expert witness during the trial.

to a fair trial.

for a fair trial.

to be punished.

of the defendant's guilt.

14.

#1. Governments must be allowed (...)5

#2. Can you imagine what it's like (...)6

#3. It's very important that justice (...)8

#4. Another phrase for “capital punishment” (...)2

#5. The spy was sentenced (...)4

is seen to be done.

is “ the death sentence”.

is “the corporal punishment.

to life imprisonment.

to introduce and change the laws.

being imprisoned for years in a cell?

to be imprisoned for years in a cell?

is seen to be doing.

15.

#1. A number of bystanders watched the robbers (...)2

#2. 'Silence in court! shouted (…)5

#3. The jury found her not (...)6

#4. If the police feel sure a person is guilty (...)7

#5. To take someone to court (...)1

means to prosecute someone.

speed off in a stolen car.

means to persecute someone.

the barrister angrily.

the judge angrily.

guilty of all charges.

they charge that person with a crime.

to speed off in a stolen car.

16.

#1.Should a murderer (…)2

#2.The judge gave us permission (…)5

#3.We don't know who was (…)7

#4.We need prisons in order to keep society (…)8

#5.Many people are taking advantage (…)4

1. of the change in the tax law.

2. be given a death penalty?

3. being given a death penalty?

4. of the change in the taxation law.

5. to call a surprise witness.

6. to call a surprise witnesses.

7. at fault yet, but we'll find out.

8. safe from dangerous criminals.

17.

#1.I am not sure (…)2

#2.There is absolutely no solid (…)3

#3. You shouldn't make accusations like that (…)8

#4.When he left the police force, he worked (…)5

#5.I hope that your imprisonment has shown (…)1

you the error of your deeds.

that sending young offenders to prison is such a good idea.

proof that he was near the scene of the crime.

with evidence.

as a private investigator for a while.

like a private investigator for a while.

prove that he was near the scene of the crime.

without evidence.

18.

#1. I am not saying another word (…)2

#2. Lying and stealing are both forms (…)7

#3.There is no doubt this painting (…)8

#4. Drug addiction is no excuse (…)6

#5. The conviction of a number of senior executives (…)1

has left the whole business community in shock.

until I have spoken to my lawyer.

until I will speak to my lawyer.

is a forge.

to hold up a petrol station!

for holding up a petrol-station!

of dishonesty.

is a forgery.

19.

#1.The problem with prisons is that they are full (…)4

#2.Luckily, the bomb disposal squad defused the bomb (…)6

#3.Nobody was convinced when the man claimed (…)2

#4.The policewoman started to take down everything (…)3

#5.Brown was found guilty (…)1

1. of holding up the bank and was sentenced to five years in prison.

2. the gun had gone off accidentally in his hand.

3. I was saying and I knew I was in serious trouble.

4. of criminals who can teach new inmates all their tricks and skills.

5. before it went off.

6. before it would go off.

7. the gun has gone off accidentally in his hand.

8. I was saying and I knew I was O.K.

20.

#1. The policeman decided to let John (…) 2

#2.Some countries have (…)3

#3.The witness thought (…)8

#4.Mr. Brown knows common-law system better (…)6

#5.There have been so many robberies (…)4

1. late that people are afraid

2. have so strict laws that people have very little freedom.

3. such strict laws that people protest against them.

4. lately that people are becoming afraid.

5. off this time, but told him that he wouldn't be so lucky next time.

6. than anybody else.

7. I was the thief but realised that she is right.

8. I was the thief but realised that she was wrong.

21.

#1. The police found out that (...)7

#2. George turns out (...)8

#3. Professor Brown arrived on Monday, but I (...)10

#4. If I were in your shoes (...)3

#5. I wonder when (...)1

... they stop arguing over such trifle.

... they will stop arguing over these trifles.

... I should stop arguing with the inspector as soon as possible.

... I should stop argue as soon as possible.

... didn’t see him yet.

... he has known the victim of this accident before.

... he had known the victim of this accident before.

... to have been seen at the scene of the accident.

... to be seen at the scene of the accident.

... haven’t seen him yet.

22.

#1. If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly (...)3

#2. We heard the witness (...) 4

#3. The members of the law society heard his name (...) 8

#4. I wouldn’t be so happy now if (...) 2

#5. When she entered the courtroom (...)1

... the judge was reading the verdict.

... I hadn’t got this invitation at last.

.... the accident wouldn’t have happened.

.... mentioning the most important facts.

... the prosecutor have been examining a witness.

.... to mentioned.

... mentioned it.

.... being mentioned by the chairman several times.

... the incident wouldn’t happen.

.... I have received that invitation already.

23.

#1. Why can’t you go to the club to celebrate the Lawyer’s Day? – Because I’m busy (...)10

#2. As far as I know she can go the club to celebrate the Lawyer’s Day. She (...)1

#3. She is not at the party in the club. She (...)6

#4. It was stupid of her not (...)2

#5. She wished she (...)5

1. ... must have written her essay. She is sure to hand it in on Monday.

2. ... to have written her essay in the library yesterday. There was plenty of material there.

3) ... to write my essay. I am to hand it in on Monday.

4) ... have written her essay already.

5) ... had written her essay in the library yesterday. There was plenty of material there.

6) ... may be still writing her essay to hand it in on Monday.

7) … have been writing the essay since morning.

... shall have written the essay by Monday.

... being written by her now.

10. ... writing an essay on US Constitution. I am to hand it in on Monday.

24.

#1. By the time the police arrive the burglars (...)1

#2. Though the policemen were dead tired they kept on (...)4

#3. The burglar’s alarm got activated and the burglars ought (...)2

#4. The policemen were dead tired yesterday, you (...)3

#5. The policemen were dead tired yesterday, but they (...)6

1. ... will have run away.

2. ... to have escaped from the crime scene but they were attacked by the dog.

3. … might have investigated the scene of the crime yourself.

4. … investigating the house in search of fingerprints and other evidence.

5. ... run away.

6. ... have thoroughly investigated the scene of the crime.

7. ... be thoroughly investigated.

8. ... have investigated the scene of the crime already.

9. ... will investigated the scene of the crime.

10) ... having investigated the scene of the crime.

25.

#1. I didn’t have to wait long for the inspector as when I came the last witness (...)10

#2. The inspector has not come yet. He may (...)3

#3. The inspector is very busy today as there are plenty of accident’s witnesses (...)5

#4. The inspector is busy talking with the witnesses of the bank robbery. He is said (...)1

#5. If all the witnesses had come for the interrogation yesterday the inspector (...)9

1) ... to have been examining them since morning.

2) ... was seen examining the witnesses yesterday.

3) ... be still interrogating the witnesses.

4) ... had examined the witnesses already.

5) ... to be examined by him.

6) ... were examined today.

7) ... has to examine all the witnesses today.

8) ... without examining the witnesses.

9) ... would have examined them.

10) ... was being examined.

26.

#1. Yesterday the victim was found in the yard (...)3

#2. The victim is said (...)2

#3. The police would like to see the missed child (...)6

#4. It’s midnight already and the missed child (...)5

#5. The suspect couldn’t commit the crime himself, he (...)4

1. ... has had an accomplice.

2. ... to have been murdered 5 hours ago.

3. ... being murdered.

4. ... must have had an accomplice.

5. ... can’t be still playing with his friends in the yard.

6. ... found already.

7) ... were playing with his friends at 5 o'clock yesterday.

8) ... shall be found by all means tomorrow.

9) ... have been found already.

10) ... playing with his friends in the yard.

27.

#1. If you don’t cross at a zebra-crossing you risk (...)5

#2. Yesterday I heard an awful scream and saw a car (...)7

#3. Before the driver put on the brakes his car (...)2

#4. The crowd of people gathered on the street. The driver must (...)1

#5. The girl didn’t notice the red light and was lucky not (…)3

1. … have knocked down a girl.

2. ... had knocked down a girl already.

3. ... to have been knocked down by a car.

4. ... having knocked down by a girl.

5. ... being knocked down by a car.

6. ... be knocked down by a car.

7. ... knock down a girl.

8. ... has been knocked down by a car.

9. ... to have knocked down a girl.

10. ... seems to knock down a girl.

28.

#1. The student said that having written his course paper in Legal Studies he (...)5

#2. The student has just finished writing his course paper in Legal Studies, he (...)3

#3. When you see Jane tomorrow she will be reading the same academic journal (...)10

#4. Kate appears (...)7

#5. This course paper (...)2

1. ...do not produce any impression on me.

2. ... seems to be the best of all I’ve read today.

3. ... is to discuss it with the teacher tomorrow.

4. ... that she had worked hard on her course paper.

5. ... was to discuss it with his professor in law the following day.

6. ... he shall start with translating the letter they got yesterday.

7. ... to have worked hard on her course paper she looks very pale.

8. ... that she had borrowed from the university library.

9. ... make sure that they will discuss it with the teacher tomorrow.

10. ... that she has borrowed from the university library.

29.

#1. She wouldn’t have been injured (...)10

#2. Seeing that the bus was rather far from him Nick decided not to catch it because (...)6

#3. After all the passengers got on the bus (...)3

#4. I decided to go to the country by car right after (...)8

#5. He may drive his car after (...)1

1. ... he has received his driving license.

2. ... the driver will drive off.

3. ... the driver drove off.

4. ... he do not drive too fast.

5. … he will be able to receive his driving license.

6. ... the driver would drive off before he reached it.

7. ... he had not been driven too fast.

8. ... having received my driving license.

9. ... if she had been wearing a seat-belt.

10. ... if she had been worn a seat-belt.

30.

#1. What would you do if (...)4

#2. Some people noticed him (…)8

#3. George wonders whether (...)9

#4. When the fire brigade arrived (...).6

#5. The parents were enjoying the film while (...).1

1. ... their children were playing with the matches.

2. ... the whole building has been on fire.

3. ...to steal the car.

4. ... your car were stolen one day? .

5. ... their children had been playing with the matches.

6. ... the whole building had been on fire.

7. ... your car would be stolen one day?

8. ... stealing the car.

9. ... you have taken his bicycle without asking for his permission.

10. .... you took his car without asking.

31.

#1. If he had been more attentive while driving (...)2

#2. When Jack is silent too long his mother may suspect (...)4

#3. After the little boy had kept silent for some time his mother suspected (...)3

#4. The suspect was released (...)9

#5. Having arrested someone suspected of committing a crime, the police decide (...)10

... he couldn’t have met any accident.

... he wouldn’t have had any accident.

... that he had done something wrong and wanted to hold back the information about it.

... that he has done something wrong and wants to hold back the information about it.

... they have evidence to make a formal charge.

.... after he will agree to surrender his passport and put up some money as security.

... that he did something wrong and wanted to keep it in secret.

... if they have had enough evidence to make a formal accusation.

.... after he had agreed to surrender his passport.

... if they have enough evidence to make a formal accusation.

32.

#1.The prisoner knew he had (…)7

#2.The boy denied (…)6

#3.Suddenly someone shouted, “Thief!” and (…)8

#4.Things started (…)9

#5.The sign says that all shoplifters (…)3

1. that he has had anything to do with this crime.

2. to come wrong.

3. will be persecuted.

4. the men quickly ran away.

5. done a mistake and would regret it.

6. that he had had anything to do with the murder.

7. made a mistake and would regret it all his life.

8. the man disappeared.

9. to go wrong.

10. will be prosecuted.

33.

#1. I decided to buy a burglar alarm (…)3

#2. When Alan was stopped outside the supermarket (…) 7

#3. As it was Ann's first offence she (…)5

#4. After climbing over the prison wall, Peter managed (…) 2

#5. At the end of the trial Hilary was found (…)1

1. guilty and sentenced to six months in prison.

2. to get away by stealing a car parked nearly.

3. after someone had broken into my house and stole my stereo.

4. he ended up at the police station, charged with shoplifting.

5. was let off with only a warning.

6. after someone breaking into my house and stealing my video.

7. he ended up at the police station charged of shoplifting.

8. was letting off with only a warning.

9. to get around by cheating the policeman.

10. guilt and sentenced.

34.

#1. The old people who live opposite (…)2

#2. My neighbours admitted denting my car but got away (…) 3

#3. The bank at the end of the street was held (…)8

#4. Nobody saw Jack cheating and he got away (…)7

#5. The hijackers took fifteen people (…)1

1. hostage and demanded $1,000,000 from the authorities.

2. were taken in by a salesman who cheated them out of their money.

3. with only $50 damages.

4. up by two masked men last week.

5. with it, although everyone suspected what had happened.

6. were taken in by a salesmen who cheated them out of their money.

7. from justice.

8. up by two masked man last week.

9. with it, although suspecting everybody.

10. in prison for life sentence.

35.

#1. This was one of the few crimes he (…) 1.hostage on the plane.3

#2. The hijackers are still holding twenty people (…) 1

#3. He was charged (…) 8

#4. The man jumped out of the window (…) 4

#5. The police said there was no sign (…)5

1. hostage on the plane.

2. with a breach of currency regulations.

3. had not committed.

4. and committed suicide.

5. of a forced entry even though the house had been burgled.

6. did not do.

7. in prison.

8. of a breach of currency regulations.

9. and had committed suicide.

10. of nobody breaking into the house.

36.

#1.The thieves scattered the papers all over the room (…)6

#2. The police caught the thief (…) 3

#3. He was arrested for trying to pass (…)4

#4. Thieves got away (…)2

#5. The police asked if I thought I could (…) 1

1. identify the man who stole my car.

2. with a haul of jewelery worth thousands of pounds.

3. red-handed.

4. counterfeit notes at the bank.

5. while they were searching for the money.

6. having searched for the money.

7. when he had tried to escape.

8. his exam to the professor.

9. with a haul of crimes committed by them.

10. help the men who stole my car.

37.

#1. When someone is sentenced to execution, (…) 3

#2. When someone is placed on a community (…) 4

#3.When someone is sentenced to imprisonment (…)5

#4. When someone is put on parole, (…) 2

#5.When someone is put on probation, (…)1

1. he is released before his prison sentence is finished.

2. he is given a period of time when service order he must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison.

3. he is killed as a legal punishment for a crime.

4. the court requires an offender to perform unpaid work in his spare time and to contribute to his community.

5. he is put in prison for a crime.

6. he is found innocent.

7. he is charged with murder.

8. he is acquitted.

9. he is praised.

10. he is allowed to be visited in prison.

38.

#1. Rising poverty in US cities has led (…)3

#2. Anti- social behaviour (…)4

#3. Knife crime mostly (…)5

#4. White collar crime (…) 1

#5. Fraud has a big impact (…) 2

1. has an impact on the whole economy.

2. on older people, as they sometimes lose their life savings.

3. to a rise in a gun crime.

4. adversely affects the communities we live in.

5. impacts young men.

6. to prosperity of the country.

7. benefits the community we live in.

8. impacts a young men.

9. is a crime committed by people wearing white shirts.

10. on the thieves who committed this crime.

39.

#1. Refugees are known (…) 9

#2.The court made him (…) 10

#3.Death penalty is unlikely (…) 2

#4.The Head of the Supreme Council is likely (…) 6

#5. We believe human rights (…) 1

1. to be violating.

2. to be abolished.

3. not to be violated.

4. to pay the damages

5. being abolished.

6. to prorogue in a week.

7. passing a sentence soon.

8. being fled from their own countries.

9. to have fled from their own countries.

10. pay damages.

40.

#1. If there were no laws in the society (…) 5

#2. If the police had held the suspect (…) 6

#3. It is necessary for you (…) 8

#4. If the barrister had given enough evidence (…)9

#5. I wish the trial (…)10

1. is fair and unbiased.

2. to have learnt this lecture in civil law.

3. the defendant wouldn't been sentenced.

4. he wouldn't have made another serous crime.

5. many innocent people would languished in prisons.

6. he wouldn't have committed another serious crime.

7. many innocent people would languish in prisons.

8. to learn this lecture in civil law.

9. the defendant wouldn't have been sentenced.

10. had been fair and unbiased.

41.

#1. Common Law system is different (…)7

#2. When the professor entered the room (…)8

#3. The judge will have passed the sentence (…)6

#4. The European Convention on Human Rights is “equity” and “statute” known (…)10

#5. This judge is said (…)9

1. at five o'clock tomorrow.

2. than Continental system.

3. the students gave the definitions of the terms

4. to being fair and unbiased.

5. to be adopted by many countries in 1950.

6. by five o'clock tomorrow.

7. from Continental system.

8. the students were giving the definitions of the terms “equity” and “statute”.

9. to be fair and unbiased.

10. to have been adopted by many countries in 1950.