- •Учебное пособие
- •Требования к уровню освоения содержания курса. В результате изучения дисциплины обучаемые должны
- •Contents
- •The Notion of Style
- •2. The notion of Stylistics
- •The Objectives of Stylistics
- •4. The Place of Stylistics among other Language-Studying Sciences and its Peculiarities
- •Additional notes on lecture 1
- •Lecture 2. General notes of functional styles (fss) as a field of stylistic investigation
- •Functional Styles
- •Literary fSs Classification
- •Varieties Of Language
- •Functional Styles
- •Literary fSs Classification
- •3. Varieties Of Language
- •Lecture 3. Meanings of language units
- •1. Meanings of Language Units: a General Division
- •2. Stylistic (Pragmatic) Meaning
- •1. Meanings of Language Units: a General Division
- •2. Stylistic (Pragmatic) Meaning.
- •Additional notes on lecture 3.
- •3. The Difference between Semantics and Pragmatics.
- •Lecture 4. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2. General view on Figures of Speech
- •Additional notes on lecture 4.
- •I. Ancient Classifications
- •2. Hellenistic Roman Rhetoric System
- •II. Modern Classifications
- •Lecture 6. Phonetic eMs and sDs
- •Additional notes on lecture 6
- •Additional notes on lecture 8.
- •Oxymoron
- •Additional notes on lecture 9.
- •Additional notes on lecture 10.
- •Interaction Of Logical And Emotional Meanings in sDs of Interjections and exclamatory words
- •Interaction Of Logical And Emotional Meanings.
- •Interjections and exclamatory words
- •Interjections
- •2) Proverbs and sayings.
- •Reasons for using quotations
- •Common quotation sources
- •Additional notes on lecture 11.
- •Lecture 12. Syntactical ems and sds syntactical ems and sds based on the arrangement of words in a sentence & sentences in a paragraph
- •Additional notes on lecture 12.
- •Lecture 13. Syntactical ems and sds based on abundance or absence of some language elements
- •3. Parallelism (Parallel Constructions)
- •An example of a parallel sentence is:
- •II. Syntactical sDs Based on Absence of Some Language Elements
- •Additional notes on lecture 13
- •Asyndeton
- •Polysyndeton
- •Additional notes on lecture 14.
- •Rhetorical Questions
- •Litotes
- •Syntactical Hyperbole
- •Additional notes on lecture 15.
- •Lecture 16. Overview: stylistic features of english functional styles
- •Stylistically marked groups of words
- •Distinctive Stylistic Features Of Functional Styles Of English
- •2.Distinctive Stylistic Features Of English Functional Styles
- •Commentary to the table.
- •Additional notes on lecture 15.
- •Glossary
- •Contributions Main
- •Additional
Additional notes on lecture 9.
Top ten funny puns - as voted by visitors to www.punoftheday.com site.
1. I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.
2. I couldn't quite remember how to throw a boomerang, but eventually it came back to me.
3. Did you hear about the guy whose whole left side was cut off? He's all right now.
4. He drove his expensive car into a tree and found out how the Mercedes bends.
5. There was a sign on the lawn at a drug re-hab center that said 'Keep off the Grass'.
6. Police were called to a daycare where a three-year-old was resisting a rest.
7. There was once a cross-eyed teacher who couldn't control his pupils.
8. A small boy swallowed some coins and was taken to a hospital. When his grandmother telephoned to ask how he was a nurse said 'No change yet'.
9. A bicycle can't stand on its own because it is two-tired.
10. What did the grape say when it got stepped on? Nothing - but it let out a little whine.
LECTURE 10. LEXICAL EMS AND SDS BASED ON PROXIMITY (NEARNESS)
OUTLINE
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Periphrasis (Circumlocution)
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Euphemism
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Hyperbole
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Understatement (Litotes)
1. Periphrasis (circumlocution) is a figure of speech where the meaning of a word or phrase is indirectly expressed through several or many words. (Periphrasis is of Greek origin [περίφρασις < peri (περί) "about, around" + phrasis (φράσις) "speech, expression"], while circumlocution is Latin—both meaning "a roundabout manner of speaking".)
Circumlocution and periphrasis mean describing a word with other words, for example: "scissors" = "a thing you use to cut other things". Circumlocution is often helpful while learning a new language, when one does not know the word for a particular thing. In the constructed language Basic English this is used to decrease the size of the necessary vocabulary.
Circumlocution also means replacing a word with another (or others), often in order to sound more polite, to avoid repetitions or a controversial, to be ironic.
2. Euphemism. A euphemism is an expression intended by the speaker to be less offensive, disturbing, or troubling the listener than the word or phrase it replaces, or in the case of doublespeak to make it less troublesome for the speaker.
The word euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemos, meaning "auspicious/good/fortunate speech/kind" which in turn is derived from the Greek root-words eu (ευ), "good/well" + pheme (φήμη) "speech/speaking". The eupheme was originally a word or phrase used in place of a religious word or phrase that should not be spoken aloud.
When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in public relations and politics, where it is sometimes disparagingly called doublespeak. Sometimes, utilising euphemisms is equated to politeness. There are also superstitious euphemisms, based (consciously or subconsciously) on the idea that words have the power to bring bad fortune and religious euphemisms, based on the idea that some words are sacred, or that some words are spiritually imperiling.
In some versions of English, toilet room, itself a euphemism, was replaced with bathroom and water closet, which were replaced (respectively) with restroom and W.C.
It can apply to naming of racial or ethnic groups as well, when proposed euphemisms become successively "corrupted". For example:
negro → colored → black → African-American → People of Color
Many euphemisms fall into one or more of these categories:
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Terms of foreign and/or technical origin ( perspire, urinate, security breach, mierda de toro, prophylactic, feces occur)
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Abbreviations (SOB for "son of a bitch", BS for "bullshit")
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Abstractions (it, the situation, go, left the company, do it)
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Indirections (behind, unmentionables, privates, live together, go to the bathroom, sleep together)
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Mispronunciation (freakin, shoot)
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Litotes (not exactly thin for "fat", not completely truthful for "lied", not unlike cheating for "cheating")
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Changing nouns to modifiers (makes her look slutty for "is a slut", right-wing element for "right-wing", of Jewish persuasion for "Jew")
Euphemisms may be formed in a number of ways. Periphrasis or circumlocution is one of the most common—to “speak around” a given word, implying it without saying it. Over time, circumlocutions become recognized as established euphemisms for particular words or ideas.
3. Hyperbole (exaggeration, overstatement) is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated or extravagant. Derived from the Greek ὑπερβολή (literally 'overshooting' or 'excess'). It may be used due to strong feelings or is used to create a strong impression and is not meant to be taken literally. It has the function of intensifying one certain property of the object described. It is often used in poetry and is a literary device.
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"I could eat a horse."
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"She is one hundred feet tall."
A.A. Potyebnya differentiates exaggeration from hyperbole: “Hyperbole is the result of intoxication by emotion, which prevents a person from seeing things in their true dimensions…If the reader (listener) is not carried away by the emotion of the writer (speaker), hyperbole becomes a mere lie”.
Like many SDs, hyperbole may loose its quality as a figure of speech through frequent repetition and become a unit of the language-as-a-system, reproduced in speech in its unaltered form, e.g.: a thousand pardons, immensely obliged, I’ve told you fifty times.
4. Understatement (Litotes) is the reverse of exaggeration. Actually, antonyms to hyperbole include meiosis, litotes, and understatement. The relations, or feelings, or qualities of the object are intentionally underrated, diminishing the importance of event, e.g.:"She has a brain the size of a pinhead." She looked at me with not much joy. I wasn’t what you can call in a fever of impatience.